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Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic used in the prevention and treatment of moderate to severe pain. Two sensitive, selective, and rapid spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of tramadol in its dosage forms and in spiked human urine. The methods are based on formation of yellow ion-pairs between tramadol and two sulfonthalein dyes; bromocresol purple (BCP) and bromocresol green (BCG) in dichloromethane medium followed by absorbance measurement at 400 and 410 nm, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, tramadol could be assayed in the concentration ranges, 1-15 and 1-16 µg ml(-1) with correlation coefficient greater than 0.999 in both cases. The molar absorptivity values are calculated to be 1.84 × 10(4) and 1.97 × 10(4) l mol(-1) cm(-1) for BCP and BCG methods, respectively; and the corresponding Sandell sensitivity values are 0.0143 and 0.0134 µg cm(-2). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) have also been reported. The stoichiometry of the reaction was found to be 1:1 in both cases and the conditional stability constant (K(f)) values of the ion pairs have been calculated. The within-day and between-day RSD were 0.9-1.96% and 1.56-3.21%, respectively. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of tramadol in tablets and injections and also in spiked human urine with good recoveries. The procedures are simple, accurate, and suitable for quality control application.

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RESUMEN

Titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of oxcarbazepine (OXC) in bulk drug and in tablets. The methods use N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and bromopyrogallol red (BPR) as reagents. In titrimetry (method A), an acidified solution of OXC is titrated directly with NBS using methyl orange as indicator. Spectrophotometry (method B) involves the addition of known excess of NBS to an acidified solution of OXC followed by the determination of the unreacted NBS by reacting with BPR and measuring the absorbance of the unreacted dye at 460 nm. Titrimetry allows the determination of 6-18 mg of OXC and follows a reaction stoichiometry of 1 : 1 (OXC : NBS), whereas spectrophotometry is applicable over the concentration range of 0.8-8.0 µg mL(-1). Method B with a calculated molar absorptivity of 2.52 × 10(4) L mol(-1) cm(-1) is the most sensitive spectrophotometric method ever developed for OXC. The optical characteristics such as limits of detection (LOD), quantification (LOQ), and Sandell's sensitivity values are also reported for the spectrophotometric method. The accuracy and precision of the methods were studied on intraday and interday basis. The methods described could usefully be applied to routine quality control of tablets containing OXC. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical adjuvants. Statistical comparison of the results with a reference method shows an excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in accuracy and precision. The reliability of the methods was further ascertained by recovery studies in standard addition procedure.

RESUMEN

Two cerimetric procedures are described for the assay of oxcarbazepine (OXC) in bulk drug and in tablets. Titrimetry (method A) is based on the reaction of OXC by a measured excess cerium(IV) sulphate in sulphuric acid medium and the determination of the unreacted oxidant by titration with iron(II) solution using ferroin as indicator. Spectrophotometry (method B) is based on oxidation of OXC by cerium(IV) in perchloric acid (HClO4) medium and the determination of the unreacted oxidant using a colour reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (p-DMAB) having an absorption maximum of 460 nm. The titrimetric method is applicable in the range of 2.0-20.0 mg OXC with a 1:2 reaction stoichiometry [OXC:Ce(IV)]. In the spectrophotometric method a rectilinear relationship is obtained over the concentration range of 0.3-6.0 µg mL-1 OXC. The linear regression equation of the calibration graph is A = 0.9820-0.1477 C with a regression coefficient (r) of -0.9967 (n = 6). The molar absorptivity is calculated to be 3.76 × 104 L mol-1 cm-1 and the Sandell sensitivity is 0.0067 µg cm-2. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values are calculated according to ICH guidelines. The methods are successfully applied to the determination of OXC in tablets.

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A spectrophotometric method for the determination of doxycycline (DOX) is described. The method is based on the formation of blue colored chromogen due to reduction of tungstate and/or molybdate in Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) reagent by DOX in alkaline medium. The colored species has an absorption maximum at 770 nm and the system obeys Beer's law over the concentration range 0.75-12.0 µg mL-1 DOX. The apparent molar absorptivity is 2.78 × 104 L mol-1 cm-1. The limit of quantification and detection values are reported to be 0.20 and 0.08 µg mL-1, respectively. Over the linear range applicable, the accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated on intra-day and inter-day basis. The reported mean accuracy value was 101.0 ± 1.7 %, the relative error was ≤ 2.7 % and the relative standard deviation was ≤ 2.5 %. Application of the proposed method to bulk powder and commercial pharmaceutical tablets is also presented. No significant difference was obtained between the results of the proposed method and the official BP method. The procedure described in this paper is simple, rapid, accurate and precise.

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Two new spectrophotometric methods using permanganate as the oxidimetric reagent for the determination of olanzapine (OLP) were developed and validated as per the current ICH guidelines. The methods involved the addition of known excess of permanganate to OLP in either acid or alkaline medium followed by the determination of unreacted permanganate at 550 nm (method A) or bluish-green color of manganate at 610 nm (method B). The decrease in absorbance in method A or increase in absorbance in method B as a function of concentration of OLP was measured and related to OLP concentration. Under optimized conditions, Beer's law was obeyed over the ranges 2.0 to 20 and 1.0 to 10 μg mL-1 in method A and method B, respectively. The calculated molar absorptivity values were 1.34 x 10(4) and 2.54 x 10(4) l mol-1cm-1 for method A and method B respectively, and the respective Sandell sensitivities were 0.0233 and 0.0123 μg cm-2. The LOD and LOQ for method A were calculated to be 0.37 and 1.13 μg mL-1and the corresponding values for method B were 0.16 and 0.48 μg mL-1. Intermediate precision, expressed as RSD was in the range 0.51 to 2.66 percent, and accuracy, expressed as relative error ranged from 0.79 to 2.24 percent. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the assay of OLP in commercial tablets with mean percentage recoveries of 102 ±1.59 percent (method A) and 101 ±1.53 percent (method B). The accuracy and reliability of the methods were further confirmed by performing recovery tests via standard addition procedure.

Dois métodos espectrofotométricos novos, usando o permanganato como o reagente oxidimétrico para a determinação da olanzapina (OLP) foram utilizados e validados de acordo com as diretrizes atuais do ICH. Os métodos envolveram a adição de excesso conhecido de permanganato à OLP em meio ácido ou alcalino, determinando-se o permanganato que não reagiu em 550 nm (método A), ou pela cor verde-azulada do manganato a 610 nm (método B). A diminuição da absorbância no método A ou o aumento da absorbância no método B, em função da concentração de OLP, foi medida e relacionada à concentração de OLP. Sob condições otimizadas, a lei de Beer foi obedecida, nas faixas de concentração de 2,0 a 20 e 1,0 a 10 ao μg mL-1, no método A e no método B, respectivamente. Os valores de absortividade molar foram de 1,34 x 104 e 2,54 x 104 l mol-1cm-1 para o método A e para o método B, respectivamente, e as sensibilidades respectivas de Sandell foram de 0,0233 e 0,0123 μg cm-2. Os LOD e os LOQ para o método A calculados foram 0,37 e 1,13 μg mL-1e os valores correspondentes para o método B foram 0,16 e 0,48 μg mL-1. A precisão intermediária, expressa como RSD, encontrou-se na faixa de 0,51 a 2,66 por cento, e a exatidão, expressa como o erro relativo, variou de 0,79 a 2,24 por cento. Os métodos propostos foram aplicados com sucesso ao ensaio de OLP em comprimidos comerciais, com porcentagens médias de recuperação de 102± 1,59 por cento (método A) e de 101± 1,53 por cento (método B). A exatidão e a confiabilidade dos métodos foram confirmadas executando testes de recuperação através de procedimento padrão de adição.

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