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Aberrant arterial variations in the branching pattern of the coeliac trunk are of great interest to surgeons and radiologists. We report on a rare arterial variation found in a 79-year-old cadaver during educational dissection. Specifically, the coeliac axis formed a unique incomplete trunk termed the hepato-hepatic trunk. The splenic artery arose separately from the anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta. On the right side, there was a right hepatic artery giving rise to a gastroduodenal but an absence of the left hepatic. On the left side, there was a branch coursing towards the porta hepatis; the left hepatic artery, dividing into the left gastric, an accessory left gastric, and a branch to the distal oesophagus. The hepato-hepatic trunk formed a ring-shaped vascular structure around the caudate lobe of the liver. Precise mapping and observation of the extrahepatic arteries and bile duct branches is essential in a variety of hepato-biliary laparoscopic procedures of the liver and gallbladder. Other operative procedures requiring, a comprehensive kno-wledge of the varied coeliac trunk patterns are liver transplantation and arterial embolism for hepatic tumour therapy.

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Entrapment neuropathy of the supraclavicular nerve is rare and, when it occurs, is usually attributable to branching of the nerve into narrow bony clavicular canals. We describe another mechanism for entrapment of this nerve with the aberrant muscle; supraclavicularis being found during the routine dissection of an embalmed 82-year-old cadaver. Our report details a unique location for this rare muscular variation whereby the muscle fibres originated posteriorly on the medial aspect of the clavicle before forming a muscular arch over the supraclavicular nerve and passing laterally towards the trapezius and acromion. We recommend that in clinical instances of otherwise unexplained unilateral clavicular pain or tenderness, nerve compression from the supraclavicularis muscle must be borne in mind.

RESUMEN

This study describes a routine educational cadaveric dissection, where multiple aberrant coeliac trunk branches were noticed. Specifically, the accessory left hepatic artery emerged from the left gastric artery, while the left inferior phrenic artery originated from the coeliac trunk. The accessory left suprarenal artery was found to commence from the coeliac trunk, whereas two aberrant left suprarenal arteries branched separately from the origin of the left inferior phrenic artery. Finally, the accessory jejunal artery was observed to originate from the coeliac trunk. Anatomical variations of the coeliac trunk branches can significantly alter the surgical management of the upper abdomen; hence, clinicians and radiologists should be aware of such aberrant vascular anatomy so as to reduce the incidence of surgical complications.

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BACKGROUND: During subclavian vein catheterization, a potential, but rare, hazard is the phrenic nerve injury, which compromises respiratory function. We conducted a cadaver study focused on the possible anatomical relationships between the subclavian vein and the phrenic nerve. METHODS: Forty-two adult cadavers (84 heminecks) were dissected. Special attention was given to the topography of the phrenic nerve and subclavian vein. RESULTS: In all but three cases (81 of 84), normal topography was present, that is, the nerve was posterior to the vein. In two cases, the phrenic nerve crossed anterior to the subclavian vein and in one case traversed the anterior wall of the subclavian vein. CONCLUSIONS: Variants of the relationship of the subclavian vein and the phrenic nerve should be familiar to anaesthesiologists during subclavian vein cannulation in order to achieve successful vein approach without causing phrenic nerve palsy.

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We report on a unique combination of multiple variations concerning the pectoral muscles and the left external jugular vein. Specifically, a bilateral hypoplasia of the medial clavicular portion of the pectoralis major muscle was noticed along with the coexistence of total right pectoralis minor aplasia, substituted by loose connective and fatty tissue. Simultaneously, a supernumerary anterior-placed external jugular vein was found, which, after its supraclavicular course, pierced the interval between the left clavicular and the sternocostal head, and drained into the left jugular junction. The combination of the above anomalies constitutes an atypical pattern of Poland syndrome. We discuss the related embryological development and the relative literature. Attention was paid to the clinical importance for plastic surgeons, general surgeons, and radiologists, facilitating them with accurate interpretation of anterior thoracic wall findings.

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We report on a unique clinically and surgically significant case of multiple abdominal aorta variations. Specifically, the left inferior phrenic, left gastric and splenic artery arose in common from the left aspect of the aorta constituting a common phrenogastrosplenic trunk, while the common hepatic artery originated separately from the midline of the anterior aspect of the aorta just inferiorly to the trunk. An accessory right hepatic artery arises from the right-anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta adjacent to superior mesenteric artery origin. On the left side, two renal arteries were observed. Moreover, the left gonadal artery exhibited a high origin, arising inferiorly to the upper left renal artery. We discuss about the embryological development of abdominal aorta arterial abnormalities and we attempt to sort the noticed variations according to existing classification in the literature. It is highlighted that the thorough knowledge of these arterial variations is important for the success of upper abdomen surgical operations such as liver and kidney transplantation, kidney preservation, abdominal aorta related vascular surgery, treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by transcatheter arterial chemoembolizations as well as imaging interpretation of the region. Preoperative selective angiography or other abdominal aorta imaging studies are helpful for arterial variation demonstration and a precious tool for appropriate surgery planning.

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The excavated type of rhomboid fossa of the clavicle is a relatively neglected anatomical structure that can potentially cause diagnostic problems. Its unilateral occurrence may be confused by the physician as avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis, or even a tumour. We studied 80 routine chest radiographs and identified the clavicles with excavated type of rhomboid fossa. The sex, sidedness, and handedness were recorded. An excavated type of rhomboid fossa was present in 43 clavicles (26.88%), appearing more frequently in males than in females. In addition, the incidence of the excavated type of rhomboid fossa was greater on the right side than on the left. That type of fossa was also present more frequently on the right side in right-handed specimens and on the left side in left-handed specimens. The high incidence of the excavated type of rhomboid fossa on the dominant hand supports the mechanical theory of fossa formation. Radiologists and physicians should be aware of this fossa, as it may resemble a pathological condition.

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We report on a very rare case of co-existence of os acromiale with suprascapular osseous bridge in a dry scapula. The frequency of os acromiale alone ranges from 1.3 to 15%, while the frequency of suprascapular osseous bridge varies between 0.036% and 12.5%. We review the relative literature and emphasize the fact that such knowledge is important for a physician in order to avoid misdiagnosis of an acromion fracture and lytic lesion of the scapula.

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