RESUMEN
The development of an efficient, low-cost and earth-abundant electrocatalyst for water splitting is crucial for the production of sustainable hydrogen energy. However their practical applications are largely restricted by their limited synthesis methods, large overpotential and low surface area. Hierarchical materials with a highly porous three-dimensional nanostructure have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional electrocatalytic properties. These hierarchical porous frameworks enable the fast electron transfer, rapid mass transport, and high density of unsaturated metal sites and maximize product selectivity. Here the process involved obtaining monodispersed microrod-shaped Ni(OH)2 through a hydrothermal reaction, followed by a heat treatment to convert it into hierarchical microrod-shaped NiO materials. N2 sorption analysis revealed that the BET surface area increased from 9 to 89 m2/g as a result of the heat treatment. The hierarchical microrod-shaped NiO materials demonstrated outstanding bifunctional electrocatalytic water splitting capabilities, excelling in both HER and OER in basic solution. Overpotential of 347 mV is achieved at 10 mA/cm2 for OER activity, with a Tafel slope of 77 mV/dec. Similarly, overpotential of 488 mV is achieved at 10 mA/cm2 for HER activity, with a Tafel slope of 62 mV/dec.
RESUMEN
PURPOSE: The year 2015 status of eye care service profile in Southeast Asia countries was compared with year 2010 data to determine the state of preparedness to achieve the World Health Organization global action plan 2019. METHODS: Information was collected from the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness country chairs and from the recent PubMed referenced articles. The data included the following: blindness and low vision prevalence, national eye health policy, eye health expenses, presence of international non-governmental organizations, density of eye health personnel, and the cataract surgical rate and coverage. The last two key parameters were compared with year 2010 data. RESULTS: Ten of 11 country chairs shared the information, and 28 PubMed referenced publications were assessed. The prevalence of blindness was lowest in Bhutan and highest in Timor-Leste. Cataract surgical rate was high in India and Sri Lanka. Cataract surgical coverage was high in Thailand and Sri Lanka. Despite increase in number of ophthalmologists in all countries (except Timor-Leste), the ratio of the population was adequate (1:100,000) only in 4 of 10 countries (Bhutan, India, Maldives and Thailand), but this did not benefit much due to unequal urban-rural divide. CONCLUSION: The midterm assessment suggests that all countries must design the current programs to effectively address both current and emerging causes of blindness. Capacity building and proportionate distribution of human resources for adequate rural reach along with poverty alleviation could be the keys to achieve the universal eye health by 2019.