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Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are acquiring significant morbidity and mortality and the amalgamation presents many diagnostic challenges. Assessment of cardiac and pulmonary function by echocardiography and pulmonary function tests should be executed in all patients with cautious explanation to avoid misdiagnosis and wrong treatment. Both conditions share overlapping pathophysiological processes. Both functional status and quality of life are greatly influenced by these and associated with high morbidity and mortality rates leading to increase the health-care costs. Although both diseases have been studied extensively, information about the correlation between heart failure and COPD is lacking. Classifying the reason of breathing symptoms among people with both the diseases can be demanding. Therefore it is plausible that a considerable proportion of patients with a diagnosis of COPD have associated heart failure, which ruins unrecognized by primary care physicians or pulmonologists. This study's aim was to assess the relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure among elderly patients with chronic cough and dyspnea. This study was done in 100 patient's ≥40 years with a GP (general physician) diagnosis of COPD. Descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Medicine, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogra, Bangladesh from November 2011 to April 2012. A total of 100 cases of chronic cough with breathlessness coming into out patient department and admitted into Department of Medicine of Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogra, Bangladesh were included according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Informed written consent was taken from the participants and data was collected by a questionnaire and relevant investigations were done. Data were analyzed with SPSS software and were expressed as mean±SE and significance level of differences among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study among 100 participating patients with a diagnosis of COPD by their physician, in 24(24%) patients had previously unrecognized heart failure. Pearson Correlation study showed that there is significant positive correlation between FEV1/FVC and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction and there is also significant positive correlation between FEV1/FVC and Total Left Ventricular Dysfunction. By this study we recommend that evaluation and assessment of cardiac status is very important in elderly patients with COPD.

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Type-2 diabetes mellitus accounts for 90-95% of all diabetes. There is a Correlation between Fasting Serum Glucose and Serum Zinc level in patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. This study was done to assess the relationship of Fasting Serum Glucose and Serum Zinc in type-2 diabetic patients in order to compare this parameter with healthy subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 140 subjects, age ranged from 35-65 years was included in this study. Among them, seventy (70) type-2 diabetic patients were taken as study group (Group II) and seventy (70) ages matched healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Group I again subdivided into control group male (Group IA) and control group female (Group IB). Group II also subdivided into study group male (Group IIA) and study group female (Group IIB). Pearson correlation coefficient test is done to correlate the relationship between fasting serum glucose (FSG) and serum zinc. In this study we found that serum zinc level was decreased in study groups in comparison with control groups. Therefore, by this study we recommended that routine estimation of this parameter is important for prevention of complication related to diabetes for leading a healthy life.

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Both of heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are in the elderly. They have an important impact on quality of life and functional status, show high morbidity and mortality rates and lead to extensive health-care costs. Although both diseases have been studied extensively, information about the prevalence of heart failure in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients is lacking. For people who have both the diseases, identifying the cause of breathing symptoms can be challenging. It seems therefore plausible that a considerable proportion of patients with a diagnosis of COPD have concomitant heart failure, which remains unrecognized by primary care physicians or pulmonologists. The main aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of heart failure in patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The prevalence of previously unknown heart failure was assessed in 100 patients ≥40 years with a GP (General physician) diagnosis of COPD, in a stable phase of their disease. This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Medicine, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College hospital, Bogra, Bangladesh from November 2011 to April 2012. A total of 100 cases of chronic breathlessness coming into out patient department and admitted into Department of Medicine of Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogra were included based on inclusion & exclusion criteria. After taking informed written consent data was collected by a questionnaire and relevant investigations were done. Then collected data was analyzed and were expressed as mean ±SE and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students 't' test. In this study we founded among 100 participating patients with a diagnosis of COPD by their physician, in 24 (24%) patients had previously unrecognized heart failure. Therefore, by this study we recommend that evaluation and assessment of cardiac status is very important in elderly patients with COPD.

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Hypertension is a major public health problem of adult population across the globe that significantly increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure and blindness. It is one of the leading cause of premature death worldwide. Aim of the study was to evaluate serum uric acid and serum creatinine in male hypertensive patients in order to compare these parameters with male normotensive subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 200 male subjects, age ranged from 30-65 years was included in this study. Among them, hundred (100) hypertensive subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and hundred (100) ages matched normotensive male subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study we found that serum uric acid and serum creatinine was significantly increased in study group in comparison with control group. Based on the study carried out it is concluded that there is definite relationship of serum uric acid and serum creatinine with hypertension. Therefore, serum uric acid and serum creatinine should be measured in all hypertensive subjects for prevention of devastating consequences of hypertension and thus can combat morbidity and mortality.

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Type-2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for about 90% of all diabetes. This study was done to assess the Serum Zinc status and Glycated Hemoglobin in type-2 diabetic patients in order to compare this parameter with healthy subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 140 subjects, age was ranged from 35-65 years were included in this study. Among them, seventy (70) type-2 diabetic patients were taken as study group (Group II) and seventy (70) age matched healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Group I again subdivided into control group male (Group IA) and control group female (Group IB). Group II also subdivided into study group male (Group IIA) and study group female (Group IIB). Data were expressed as mean±SE and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. Therefore, by this study we recommended that routine estimation of this parameter is important for prevention of complication related to diabetes for leading a healthy life.

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This study aimed at determining the variations in milk constituents which could be varied by feed and animal species. To achieve this goal, two groups of homoparity Baladi cows and Egyptian buffaloes (n = 20 per species) were used. Each group was divided into two subgroups (n = 10): subgroup I received legume forage (Egyptian clover) and subgroup II received grass forage (sorghum forage). All experimental animals were fed the diet consisting of concentrate, forage and rice straw as 50, 25 and 25% of dry matter intake respectively. Milk samples were taken for analysis. The trial lasted until the 3rd month of parturition. The main results indicated that lactating cattle fed legume forage significantly (p ≤ 0.01) had more content of casein nitrogen (513 mg/100 ml milk), lower content of glutamic acid (23.56 g/100 g milk protein) and more content of cis-9, trans-11 18:2 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (0.77 g/100 g milk fat) compared with 433, 26.67 and 0.53, respectively, for cattle fed grass forage. With regard to the species effect, results showed that buffalo milk appeared to contain significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) contents of casein nitrogen, phenylalanine, glutamic and arachidonic acid compared with cow's milk. However, the latter was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) more in the cis-9, trans-11CLA (0.59 g/100 g milk fat) than that in buffalo milk (0.47 g/100 g milk fat). The results revealed that not only forage type played a critical role in determining the variations of milk nitrogen distribution, milk amino acids and fatty acids but also animal species had a significant effect on these parameters.

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Primary ectopic meningiomas are rare. A case of a 16-year-old male who presented with a large mass in temporofrontal region is reported. X-ray skull showed soft tissue shadow with hyperostosis of frontal and temporal bone. CT scan of brain demonstrated a markedly enhancing lesion and bony hyperostosis with no intracranial component. Total excision of tumour with hyperostotic bone was done. Patient is well without any evidence of recurrence two years after surgery. Relevant literature is reviewed.

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Adult presentation in diastematomyelia is very rare. The common location is from first to third lumbar vertebrae. Lumbosacral adult diastematomyelia is even rarer. A 42 years male with lumbosacral diastematomyelia is described. Combined myelographic-CT scan study demonstrated lumbar canal stenosis and bony spur attached to vertebral bodies of the fifth lumbar and first sacral vertebra. Surgery with decompression of neural elements and removal of bony spur resulted in complete relief of symptoms. Detailed case representation and a review of 74 cases of adult diastematomyelia is reported.