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BACKGROUND: Inflammation and inflammatory mediators have been proposed to be key players in the pathobiology of Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS. The chemokine CCL28 plays a role in the trafficking of inflammatory cells into mucosal tissues. However, its levels in patients with IBS has not been yet elucidated. METHOD: In this study, the levels of CCL28 were measured in the serum of 41 patients with IBS and 41 age- and gender-matched normal individuals using Elisa. Then, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was conducted to assess the diagnostic value of CCL28. RESULTS: Our data showed that the levels of CCL28 are significantly elevated in patients with IBS compared to the control donors. Moreover, we observed that the level of CCL28 is associated with many clinical symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. The area under the ROC curve was 0.71 (95% confidential interval, 0.598-0.823), the sensitivity and specificity of CCL28 for the diagnosis of IBS patients were 68.3% and 70.7%, respectively with a cut off of 278.9 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that CCL28 is elevated in patients with IBS and correlates with clinical findings, indicating that CCL28 might be an appropriate biomarker for the diagnosis of IBS; however, further studies are necessary.

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INTRODUCTION: Receiving a kidney transplant from donors with multiple renal arteries (MRAs) is suggested to be associated with higher risk of vascular and urologic complications and poor allograft outcomes compared to the donors with single renal artery (SRA). We evaluated survival rates in the recipients from donors with MRAs compared to those from donors with SRA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study on 115 kidney allograft recipients, demographic characteristics and the outcomes of kidney transplantation were compared between the recipients from donors with MRAs compared to those from donors with SRA. These included acute tubular necrosis, acute allograft rejection, hypertension, vascular complications, urologic complications, kidney function indicators, and allograft survival at 1 year. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the recipients' age, sex distribution, and weight, donors' age, donor-recipient familial relation, urologic complications, and duration of hospitalization between the two groups. However, MRA was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of right-side kidney donation, longer warm and cold ischemia times, and lower glomerular filtration rate and higher serum creatinine concentrations at discharge and 12 months after transplantation, as compared to SRA transplants. No significant difference was seen in late complications including hypertension and renal artery stenosis. One-year graft survival was slightly poorer in the MRA group than the SRA group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that kidney allografts with MRAs are associated with risks but have acceptable outcomes during the 1st year after transplantation, as compared to SRA kidney allografts.

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of magnesium sulphate on succinylcholine-induced fasciculation in patients during the induction of general anaesthesia. METHODS: The double-blind randomised clinical trial was conducted in 2012 at Tohid and Besat Hospitals in Sanandaj, Iran, on patients who were candidates for surgery under general anaesthesia. Patients were selected and divided into two equal groups of cases and controls using block randomisation. The cases received magnesium sulphate, while the controls received normal saline. SPSS 18 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 100 subjects in the study, 49 (49%) were men and 51 (51%) were women (p < 0.072). The mean age of the two groups were 37.5 ± 12.2 years and 37.7 ± 12 years (p < 0.9). There was significant difference between the two groups in terms of the degree of fasciculation and muscle fasciculation (p< 0.001). The difference between potassium levels in the two groups was not significant before anaesthesia (p > 0.05), but it was significant after anaesthesia (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Magnesium sulphate can prevent and reduce the degree of fasciculation after anaesthesia. Therefore it can be used to prevent fasciculation.

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INTRODUCTION: The Shahid Babaie Airbase is one of the most endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Isfahan. Community training on CL prevention could have a critical role in controlling CL in endemic areas. Because of the high incidence of disease among youth, this survey was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and prevention practices (KAP) of students regarding CL in this endemic area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study consisted of a questionnaire that was filled out while interviewing students attending middle and high school on the Shahid Babaie Airbase of Isfahan. The questionnaire contained questions about KAP of students regarding CL. The total scores in each field were categorized as weak, intermediate, or strong. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty students participated in this study, which included 245 high-school students and 205 middle-school students. The total knowledge score of the students was 17.47 (range, 0-30), which indicates an intermediate level of CL knowledge in this population. The students' attitude toward CL was intermediate, with a score of 37 and a range of 13-52. Additionally, practice of prevention was weak (score of 1.8; range, 0-6). There was a significant correlation between gender and both the attitude and knowledge of the students; both scores were higher in female students. Specific knowledge about CL symptoms, carriers, and reservoirs was higher than knowledge about preventative methods. The study revealed that 47.2% of students believed in fortune as a factor involved in acquisition of CL infection. Although 97.9% of students were aware that sandflies carry CL, only 28.6% were able to identify a sandfly. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study further emphasize the importance and necessity of educating this at-risk population by planning direct, in-person training, which is an essential step in improving attitudes and preventative practices toward CL and in controlling CL in endemic areas.

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Generalized edema is one of the most important complications in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Diuretics like furosemide are the first choice for reducing the edema. Hypo-albuminemia reduces the effect of furosemide, and thus, this drug is co-administered with albumin to reinforce the therapeutic effect and for the correction of reduced oncotic pressure. The aim of this study was to compare urine volume and 24-hour sodium levels after using furosemide alone versus using furosemide along with albumin in patients with nephrotic syndrome. In a randomized clinical trial, ten patients with nephrotic syndrome were chosen and were randomly allocated into four groups. Three therapeutic protocols were chosen, and at the end, each patient had received all three protocols randomly. Data were gathered and analyzed using non-parametric tests in SPSS software. The average urine volume after receiving albumin alone, furosemide alone and albumin plus furosemide were 742 mL (SD = 528), 1707 mL (SD = 745) and 2175 mL (SD = 971), respectively (P = 0.015); the fractional excretion of sodium was 1.96 (SD = 0.251), 3.18 (SD = 0.25), and 4.77 (SD = 8.45), respectively (P = 0.000); the 24-hour urinary sodium levels were 18.3 (SD = 6.68), 208.4 (SD = 5.27) and 206 (SD = 8.45), respectively; while the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 104.5, 96.6 and 106.6 (P = 0.021), respectively, in the three therapy groups. Our study shows that albumin administration alone and with furosemide in patients with nephrotic syndrome who had normal kidney function, results in different urine volumes and sodium levels. Co-administration of albumin and furosemide increased the urine volume and sodium level, which is due to increase in the GFR as well as the diuretic effects of furosemide.

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