RESUMEN

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor belonging to the bHLH/PAS protein family and responding to hundreds of natural and chemical substances. It is primarily involved in the defense against chemical insults and bacterial infections or in the adaptive immune response, but also in the development of pathological conditions ranging from inflammatory to neoplastic disorders. Despite its prominent roles in many (patho)physiological processes, the lack of high-resolution structural data has precluded for thirty years an in-depth understanding of the structural mechanisms underlying ligand-binding specificity, promiscuity and activation of AHR. We recently reported a cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of human AHR bound to the natural ligand indirubin, the chaperone Hsp90 and the co-chaperone XAP2 that provided the first experimental visualization of its ligand-binding PAS-B domain. Here, we report a 2.75 Å resolution structure of the AHR complex bound to the environmental pollutant benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). The structure substantiates the existence of a bipartite PAS-B ligand-binding pocket with a geometrically constrained primary binding site controlling ligand binding specificity and affinity, and a secondary binding site contributing to the binding promiscuity of AHR. We also report a docking study of B[a]P congeners that validates the B[a]P-bound PAS-B structure as a suitable model for accurate computational ligand binding assessment. Finally, comparison of our agonist-bound complex with the recently reported structures of mouse and fruit fly AHR PAS-B in different activation states suggests a ligand-induced loop conformational change potentially involved in the regulation of AHR function.

Asunto(s)

Benzo(a)pireno , Contaminantes Ambientales , Receptores de Hidrocarburo de Aril , Humanos , Benzo(a)pireno/química , Sitios de Unión , Ligandos , Dominios Proteicos , Receptores de Hidrocarburo de Aril/agonistas , Receptores de Hidrocarburo de Aril/química , Contaminantes Ambientales/química

RESUMEN

Histone deacetylases 1 and 2 (HDAC1/2) serve as the catalytic subunit of six distinct families of nuclear complexes. These complexes repress gene transcription through removing acetyl groups from lysine residues in histone tails. In addition to the deacetylase subunit, these complexes typically contain transcription factor and/or chromatin binding activities. The MIER:HDAC complex has hitherto been poorly characterized. Here, we show that MIER1 unexpectedly co-purifies with an H2A:H2B histone dimer. We show that MIER1 is also able to bind a complete histone octamer. Intriguingly, we found that a larger MIER1:HDAC1:BAHD1:C1QBP complex additionally co-purifies with an intact nucleosome on which H3K27 is either di- or tri-methylated. Together this suggests that the MIER1 complex acts downstream of PRC2 to expand regions of repressed chromatin and could potentially deposit histone octamer onto nucleosome-depleted regions of DNA.

Asunto(s)

Histona Desacetilasas , Nucleosomas , Cromatina/genética , Histona Desacetilasas/metabolismo , Histonas/metabolismo , Complejos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Nucleosomas/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Humanos

RESUMEN

The ability to enzymatically assemble DNA oligonucleotides into longer DNA duplexes in a process known as gene synthesis has wide-ranging applications in the fields of genetic engineering and synthetic biology. Thermodynamically balanced inside-out (TBIO) gene synthesis is one of several PCR-based primer extension gene synthesis protocols that have been developed. In TBIO gene synthesis, overlapping primers with equivalent melting temperatures (Tms) are designed so that the 5' half of the DNA is encoded by sense primers and the 3' half of the DNA molecule is encoded by antisense primers. Primer extension is initiated at the center of the DNA and continues bidirectionally to progressively elongate the DNA molecule. Here we provide the protocols necessary for performing TBIO gene synthesis to generate a DNA molecule of interest.

Asunto(s)

Ingeniería Genética , Oligonucleótidos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Cartilla de ADN/genética , Biología Sintética

RESUMEN

Connexins form large-pore channels that function either as dodecameric gap junctions or hexameric hemichannels to allow the regulated movement of small molecules and ions across cell membranes. Opening or closing of the channels is controlled by a variety of stimuli, and dysregulation leads to multiple diseases. An increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) has been shown to cause connexin26 (Cx26) gap junctions to close. Here, we use cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structure of human Cx26 gap junctions under increasing levels of PCO2. We show a correlation between the level of PCO2 and the size of the aperture of the pore, governed by the N-terminal helices that line the pore. This indicates that CO2 alone is sufficient to cause conformational changes in the protein. Analysis of the conformational states shows that movements at the N terminus are linked to both subunit rotation and flexing of the transmembrane helices.

Asunto(s)

Dióxido de Carbono , Conexinas , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Conexina 26 , Conexinas/química , Conexinas/metabolismo , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Uniones Comunicantes/metabolismo , Humanos

RESUMEN

Y-family DNA polymerase κ (Pol κ) can replicate damaged DNA templates to rescue stalled replication forks. Access of Pol κ to DNA damage sites is facilitated by its interaction with the processivity clamp PCNA and is regulated by PCNA mono-ubiquitylation. Here, we present cryo-EM reconstructions of human Pol κ bound to DNA, an incoming nucleotide, and wild type or mono-ubiquitylated PCNA (Ub-PCNA). In both reconstructions, the internal PIP-box adjacent to the Pol κ Polymerase-Associated Domain (PAD) docks the catalytic core to one PCNA protomer in an angled orientation, bending the DNA exiting the Pol κ active site through PCNA, while Pol κ C-terminal domain containing two Ubiquitin Binding Zinc Fingers (UBZs) is invisible, in agreement with disorder predictions. The ubiquitin moieties are partly flexible and extend radially away from PCNA, with the ubiquitin at the Pol κ-bound protomer appearing more rigid. Activity assays suggest that, when the internal PIP-box interaction is lost, Pol κ is retained on DNA by a secondary interaction between the UBZs and the ubiquitins flexibly conjugated to PCNA. Our data provide a structural basis for the recruitment of a Y-family TLS polymerase to sites of DNA damage.

Asunto(s)

ADN Polimerasa Dirigida por ADN/química , ADN Polimerasa Dirigida por ADN/metabolismo , ADN/química , ADN/metabolismo , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula en Proliferación/química , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula en Proliferación/metabolismo , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , ADN/genética , Daño del ADN , ADN Polimerasa Dirigida por ADN/genética , Humanos , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula en Proliferación/genética , Unión Proteica , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Ubiquitinación

RESUMEN

Regulated cell death is essential in development and cellular homeostasis. Multi-protein platforms, including the Death-Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC), co-ordinate cell fate via a core FADD:Caspase-8 complex and its regulatory partners, such as the cell death inhibitor c-FLIP. Here, using electron microscopy, we visualize full-length procaspase-8 in complex with FADD. Our structural analysis now reveals how the FADD-nucleated tandem death effector domain (tDED) helical filament is required to orientate the procaspase-8 catalytic domains, enabling their activation via anti-parallel dimerization. Strikingly, recruitment of c-FLIPS into this complex inhibits Caspase-8 activity by altering tDED triple helix architecture, resulting in steric hindrance of the canonical tDED Type I binding site. This prevents both Caspase-8 catalytic domain assembly and tDED helical filament elongation. Our findings reveal how the plasticity, composition and architecture of the core FADD:Caspase-8 complex critically defines life/death decisions not only via the DISC, but across multiple key signaling platforms including TNF complex II, the ripoptosome, and RIPK1/RIPK3 necrosome.

Asunto(s)

Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Similar a CASP8 y FADD/química , Caspasa 8/química , Proteína de Dominio de Muerte Asociada a Fas/química , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinasas de Interacción con Receptores/química , Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Similar a CASP8 y FADD/genética , Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Similar a CASP8 y FADD/metabolismo , Caspasa 8/genética , Caspasa 8/metabolismo , Dominio Catalítico , Clonación Molecular , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Señalización del Receptor del Dominio de Muerte/química , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Señalización del Receptor del Dominio de Muerte/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Señalización del Receptor del Dominio de Muerte/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteína de Dominio de Muerte Asociada a Fas/genética , Proteína de Dominio de Muerte Asociada a Fas/metabolismo , Expresión Génica , Vectores Genéticos/química , Vectores Genéticos/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Unión Proteica , Conformación Proteica en Hélice alfa , Conformación Proteica en Lámina beta , Dominios y Motivos de Interacción de Proteínas , Isoformas de Proteínas/química , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Multimerización de Proteína , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinasas de Interacción con Receptores/genética , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinasas de Interacción con Receptores/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Muerte Celular Regulada/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/química , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Inflammation is a major risk factor for many types of cancer, including colorectal. There are two fundamentally different mechanisms by which inflammation can contribute to carcinogenesis. First, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can damage DNA to cause mutations that initiate cancer. Second, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines promote proliferation, migration, and invasion. Although it is known that inflammation-associated RONS can be mutagenic, the extent to which they induce mutations in intestinal stem cells has been little explored. Furthermore, it is now widely accepted that cancer is caused by successive rounds of clonal expansion with associated de novo mutations that further promote tumor development. As such, we aimed to understand the extent to which inflammation promotes clonal expansion in normal and tumor tissue. Using an engineered mouse model that is prone to cancer and within which mutant cells fluoresce, here we have explored the impact of inflammation on de novo mutagenesis and clonal expansion in normal and tumor tissue. While inflammation is strongly associated with susceptibility to cancer and a concomitant increase in the overall proportion of mutant cells in the tissue, we did not observe an increase in mutations in normal adjacent tissue. These results are consistent with opportunities for de novo mutations and clonal expansion during tumor growth, and they suggest protective mechanisms that suppress the risk of inflammation-induced accumulation of mutant cells in normal tissue.

Asunto(s)

Mutación/genética , Neoplasias/genética , Animales , Carcinogénesis/genética , Carcinogénesis/patología , Movimiento Celular/genética , Proliferación Celular/genética , Fluorescencia , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/patología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Neoplasias/patología , Especies de Nitrógeno Reactivo/genética , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Class I histone deacetylase complexes play essential roles in many nuclear processes. Whilst they contain a common catalytic subunit, they have diverse modes of action determined by associated factors in the distinct complexes. The deacetylase module from the NuRD complex contains three protein domains that control the recruitment of chromatin to the deacetylase enzyme, HDAC1/2. Using biochemical approaches and cryo-electron microscopy, we have determined how three chromatin-binding domains (MTA1-BAH, MBD2/3 and RBBP4/7) are assembled in relation to the core complex so as to facilitate interaction of the complex with the genome. We observe a striking arrangement of the BAH domains suggesting a potential mechanism for binding to di-nucleosomes. We also find that the WD40 domains from RBBP4 are linked to the core with surprising flexibility that is likely important for chromatin engagement. A single MBD2 protein binds asymmetrically to the dimerisation interface of the complex. This symmetry mismatch explains the stoichiometry of the complex. Finally, our structures suggest how the holo-NuRD might assemble on a di-nucleosome substrate.

Asunto(s)

Cromatina/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Complejo Desacetilasa y Remodelación del Nucleosoma Mi-2/genética , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Proteína 4 de Unión a Retinoblastoma/genética , Transactivadores/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos/genética , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/ultraestructura , Histona Desacetilasa 1/genética , Histona Desacetilasa 1/ultraestructura , Histona Desacetilasas/genética , Histona Desacetilasas/ultraestructura , Humanos , Complejo Desacetilasa y Remodelación del Nucleosoma Mi-2/ultraestructura , Nucleosomas/genética , Nucleosomas/ultraestructura , Unión Proteica/genética , Dominios Proteicos/genética , Proteínas Represoras/ultraestructura , Proteína 4 de Unión a Retinoblastoma/ultraestructura , Transactivadores/ultraestructura

RESUMEN

Fragment-based drug discovery or FBDD is one of the main methods used by industry and academia for identifying drug-like candidates in early stages of drug discovery. NMR has a significant impact at any stage of the drug discovery process, from primary identification of small molecules to the elucidation of binding modes for guiding optimisations. The essence of NMR as an analytical tool, however, requires the processing and analysis of relatively large amounts of single data items, e.g. spectra, which can be daunting when managed manually. One bottleneck in FBDD by NMR is a lack of adequate and well-integrated resources for NMR data analysis that are freely available to the community. Thus, scientists typically resort to manually inspecting large datasets and relying predominantly on subjective interpretations. In this manuscript, we present CcpNmr AnalysisScreen, a software package that provides computational tools for automated analysis of FBDD data by NMR. We outline how the quality of collected spectra can be evaluated quickly, and how robust workflows can be optimised for reliable and rapid hit identification. With an intuitive graphical user interface and powerful algorithms, AnalysisScreen enables easy analysis of the large datasets needed in the early process of drug discovery by NMR.

Asunto(s)

Química Computacional/métodos , Descubrimiento de Drogas/métodos , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular/métodos , Algoritmos , Ligandos , Programas Informáticos , Interfaz Usuario-Computador , Flujo de Trabajo

RESUMEN

In eukaryotes, DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) bound to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) replicates the lagging strand and cooperates with flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) to process the Okazaki fragments for their ligation. We present the high-resolution cryo-EM structure of the human processive Pol δ-DNA-PCNA complex in the absence and presence of FEN1. Pol δ is anchored to one of the three PCNA monomers through the C-terminal domain of the catalytic subunit. The catalytic core sits on top of PCNA in an open configuration while the regulatory subunits project laterally. This arrangement allows PCNA to thread and stabilize the DNA exiting the catalytic cleft and recruit FEN1 to one unoccupied monomer in a toolbelt fashion. Alternative holoenzyme conformations reveal important functional interactions that maintain PCNA orientation during synthesis. This work sheds light on the structural basis of Pol δ's activity in replicating the human genome.

Asunto(s)

ADN Polimerasa III/química , ADN Polimerasa III/metabolismo , Secuencias de Aminoácidos , Dominio Catalítico , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , ADN/metabolismo , ADN Polimerasa III/genética , Replicación del ADN , Endonucleasas de ADN Solapado/química , Endonucleasas de ADN Solapado/metabolismo , Holoenzimas , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula en Proliferación/química , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula en Proliferación/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Subunidades de Proteína , Relación Estructura-Actividad

RESUMEN

The value of optical redox imaging (ORI) of cells/tissues based on the intrinsic fluorescences of NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and oxidized flavoproteins (containing flavin adenine dinucleotide, i.e., FAD) has been demonstrated for potential biomedical applications including diagnosis, prognosis, and determining treatment response. However, the Chance redox scanner (a 3D cryogenic tissue imager) is limited by spatial resolution (~50 µm), and tissue ORI using fluorescence microscopy (single or multi-photon) is limited by the light penetration depth. Furthermore, viable or snap-frozen tissues are usually required. In this project, we aimed to study whether ORI may be achieved for unstained fixed tissue using a state-of-the-art modern Serial Two-Photon (STP) Tomography scanner that can rapidly acquire multi-plane images at micron resolution. Tissue specimens of mouse muscle, liver, and tumor xenografts were harvested and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 24 h. Tissue blocks were scanned by STP Tomography under room temperature to acquire the autofluorescence signals (NADH channel: excitation 750 nm, blue emission filter; FAD channel: excitation 860 nm, green emission filter). We observed remarkable signals with significant intra-tissue heterogeneity in images of NADH, FAD and redox ratio (FAD/(NADH+FAD)), which are worthy of further investigation for extracting biological information.

Asunto(s)

Tecnología Biomédica , NAD , Imagen Óptica , Animales , Tecnología Biomédica/instrumentación , Tecnología Biomédica/métodos , Estudios de Factibilidad , Flavina-Adenina Dinucleótido , Xenoinjertos/diagnóstico por imagen , Ratones , Oxidación-Reducción , Fotones

RESUMEN

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

RESUMEN

α-Ketoglutarate (αKG) is a key node in many important metabolic pathways. The αKG analog N-oxalylglycine (NOG) and its cell-permeable prodrug dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) are extensively used to inhibit αKG-dependent dioxygenases. However, whether NOG interference with other αKG-dependent processes contributes to its mode of action remains poorly understood. Here we show that, in aqueous solutions, DMOG is rapidly hydrolyzed, yielding methyloxalylglycine (MOG). MOG elicits cytotoxicity in a manner that depends on its transport by monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2) and is associated with decreased glutamine-derived tricarboxylic acid-cycle flux, suppressed mitochondrial respiration and decreased ATP production. MCT2-facilitated entry of MOG into cells leads to sufficiently high concentrations of NOG to inhibit multiple enzymes in glutamine metabolism, including glutamate dehydrogenase. These findings reveal that MCT2 dictates the mode of action of NOG by determining its intracellular concentration and have important implications for the use of (D)MOG in studying αKG-dependent signaling and metabolism.

Asunto(s)

Aminoácidos Dicarboxílicos/química , Ácidos Cetoglutáricos/química , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfato/química , Animales , Fenómenos Bioquímicos , Bovinos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ciclo del Ácido Cítrico , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Glutamina/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidrólisis , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Células MCF-7 , Metabolómica , Ratones , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Oxígeno/química , Puromicina/química , Transducción de Señal , Ácidos Tricarboxílicos/química

RESUMEN

NMR spectroscopy is an indispensably powerful technique for the analysis of biomolecules under ambient conditions, both for structural- and functional studies. However, in practice the complexity of the technique has often frustrated its application by non-specialists. In this paper, we present CcpNmr version-3, the latest software release from the Collaborative Computational Project for NMR, for all aspects of NMR data analysis, including liquid- and solid-state NMR data. This software has been designed to be simple, functional and flexible, and aims to ensure that routine tasks can be performed in a straightforward manner. We have designed the software according to modern software engineering principles and leveraged the capabilities of modern graphics libraries to simplify a variety of data analysis tasks. We describe the process of backbone assignment as an example of the flexibility and simplicity of implementing workflows, as well as the toolkit used to create the necessary graphics for this workflow. The package can be downloaded from www.ccpn.ac.uk/v3-software/downloads and is freely available to all non-profit organisations.

Asunto(s)

Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular/métodos , Programas Informáticos , Estadística como Asunto , Estructura Molecular , Interfaz Usuario-Computador , Flujo de Trabajo

RESUMEN

Imaging entire mouse brains at submicron resolution has historically been a challenging undertaking and largely confined to the province of dedicated atlasing initiatives. This has limited systematic investigations into important areas of neuroscience, such as neural circuits, brain mapping and neurodegeneration. In this article, we describe in detail Serial Two-Photon (STP) tomography, a robust, reliable method for imaging entire brains with histological detail. We provide examples of how the basic methodology can be extended to other imaging modalities, such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), in order to provide unique contrast mechanisms. Furthermore, we provide a survey of the research that STP tomography has enabled in the field of neuroscience, provide examples of how this technology enables quantitative whole brain studies, and discuss the current limitations of STP tomography-based approaches.

RESUMEN

We performed a comprehensive structure validation of both automated and manually generated structures of the 10 targets of the CASD-NMR-2013 effort. We established that automated structure determination protocols are capable of reliably producing structures of comparable accuracy and quality to those generated by a skilled researcher, at least for small, single domain proteins such as the ten targets tested. The most robust results appear to be obtained when NOESY peak lists are used either as the primary input data or to augment chemical shift data without the need to manually filter such lists. A detailed analysis of the long-range NOE restraints generated by the different programs from the same data showed a surprisingly low degree of overlap. Additionally, we found that there was no significant correlation between the extent of the NOE restraint overlap and the accuracy of the structure. This result was surprising given the importance of NOE data in producing good quality structures. We suggest that this could be explained by the information redundancy present in NOEs between atoms contained within a fixed covalent network.

Asunto(s)

Modelos Moleculares , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular/métodos , Conformación Proteica , Proteínas/química , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Programas Informáticos

Asunto(s)

Procesamiento Automatizado de Datos/métodos , Procesamiento Automatizado de Datos/normas , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/normas , Programas Informáticos

RESUMEN

The second round of the community-wide initiative Critical Assessment of automated Structure Determination of Proteins by NMR (CASD-NMR-2013) comprised ten blind target datasets, consisting of unprocessed spectral data, assigned chemical shift lists and unassigned NOESY peak and RDC lists, that were made available in both curated (i.e. manually refined) or un-curated (i.e. automatically generated) form. Ten structure calculation programs, using fully automated protocols only, generated a total of 164 three-dimensional structures (entries) for the ten targets, sometimes using both curated and un-curated lists to generate multiple entries for a single target. The accuracy of the entries could be established by comparing them to the corresponding manually solved structure of each target, which was not available at the time the data were provided. Across the entire data set, 71 % of all entries submitted achieved an accuracy relative to the reference NMR structure better than 1.5 Å. Methods based on NOESY peak lists achieved even better results with up to 100% of the entries within the 1.5 Å threshold for some programs. However, some methods did not converge for some targets using un-curated NOESY peak lists. Over 90% of the entries achieved an accuracy better than the more relaxed threshold of 2.5 Å that was used in the previous CASD-NMR-2010 round. Comparisons between entries generated with un-curated versus curated peaks show only marginal improvements for the latter in those cases where both calculations converged.

Asunto(s)

Modelos Moleculares , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular/métodos , Conformación Proteica , Proteínas/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética con Carbono-13 , Conjuntos de Datos como Asunto , Espectroscopía de Protones por Resonancia Magnética , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados

RESUMEN

The ability to visualize behaviourally evoked neural activity patterns across the rodent brain is essential for understanding the distributed brain networks mediating particular behaviours. However, current imaging methods are limited in their spatial resolution and/or ability to obtain brain-wide coverage of functional activity. Here, we describe a new automated method for obtaining cellular-level, whole-brain maps of behaviourally induced neural activity in the mouse. This method combines the use of transgenic immediate-early gene reporter mice to visualize neural activity; serial two-photon tomography to image the entire brain at cellular resolution; advanced image processing algorithms to count the activated neurons and align the datasets to the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas; and statistical analysis to identify the network of activated brain regions evoked by behaviour. We demonstrate the use of this approach to determine the whole-brain networks activated during the retrieval of fear memories. Consistent with previous studies, we identified a large network of amygdalar, hippocampal, and neocortical brain regions implicated in fear memory retrieval. Our proposed methods can thus be used to map cellular networks involved in the expression of normal behaviours as well as to investigate in depth circuit dysfunction in mouse models of neurobiological disease.

Asunto(s)

Mapeo Encefálico , Encéfalo/fisiología , Condicionamiento Psicológico/fisiología , Miedo/fisiología , Neuronas/fisiología , Complejo Relacionado con el SIDA/genética , Complejo Relacionado con el SIDA/metabolismo , Animales , Benzofuranos , Proteínas Luminiscentes/genética , Proteínas Luminiscentes/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Quinolinas , Estadísticas no Paramétricas