RESUMEN
Dynamic balance was studied in 105 former elite athletes (aged 45-68) and in 966 community control subjects (aged 27-67). Subjects walked barefoot along a 5-m-long test track, stepping only on two pads which they alternately put down in front of them and picked up from behind while standing on one foot. A better test result (short completion time) was associated with lower body mass index (in both groups), with jumping height and physical activity during the previous year (in former athletes), and with younger age, better general health, and better perceived physical fitness (in control subjects). Test results in former athletes were, on average, comparable to those of 24-30 years younger community control subjects.
Asunto(s)
Equilibrio Postural , Deportes/fisiología , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aptitud FísicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To study factors associated with passive hip rotation range of motion (ROM) in former elite male athletes. METHODS: Athletes were interviewed about hip pain, disability, lifetime occupational loading, and athletic training. The passive hip rotation was measured with a Myrin inclinometer in 117 former elite male long distance runners, soccer players, weight lifters, and shooters aged 45-68 years. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to detect hip osteoarthritis. RESULTS: There were no differences in passive hip rotation ROM between the four athlete groups nor between diverging lifetime loading patterns associated with occupational or athletic activities. Among the subjects without hip osteoarthritis, hip pain, and hip disability according to a stepwise linear regression analysis, the only factor that was associated with the passive hip rotation ROM was body mass index (BMI), explaining about 21% of its variation. Subjects with high BMI had lower passive hip rotation ROM than those with low BMI. There was no right-left difference in the mean passive hip rotation ROM in subjects either with or without hip osteoarthritis as determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Nevertheless, hip rotation ROM was clearly reduced in a few hips with severe caput deformity. CONCLUSIONS: Long term loading appears to have no association with passive hip rotation ROM. On the other hand, the hip rotation value was lower in subjects with high BMI than in those with low BMI. A clear right-left difference in hip rotation was found only in those subjects who, according to our magnetic resonance imaging criteria, had severe hip osteoarthritis. These findings should be taken into account when hip rotation ROM is used in the clinical assessment of hip joints.
Asunto(s)
Osteoartritis de la Cadera/etiología , Osteoartritis de la Cadera/fisiopatología , Rango del Movimiento Articular/fisiología , Deportes/fisiología , Anciano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Articulación de la Cadera/fisiopatología , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Estrés MecánicoRESUMEN
The relationships of dynamic and static trunk muscle strength measurements and muscle geometry are studied. Physiologically, isometric muscle strength is directly related to muscle cross-sectional area. We measured isometric and isoinertial trunk muscle strength of 111 former elite male athletes, aged 45-68, by Isostation B-200. Paraspinal muscle cross-sectional areas were measured from axial magnetic resonance images at the L3-L4 level. Isometric and isoinertial torques were closely related, but angular velocities were not predicted by isometric maximal torque. The area of the psoas muscles correlated with isometric maximal flexion, as well as with isoinertial maximal torque. angular velocity, and power in flexion (r = 0.24-0.27). The area of the extensor group correlated with isometric maximal extension and with isoinertial maximal torque and power in extension (r = 0.24-0.25). We conclude that dynamic and static strength measurements are closely related, with angular velocity giving additional information on muscle function. Paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area is one determinant of isometric and isoinertial trunk muscle strength.
Asunto(s)
Contracción Isométrica/fisiología , Músculos Psoas/fisiología , Anciano , Anatomía Transversal , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Humanos , Región Lumbosacra/anatomía & histología , Región Lumbosacra/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculos Psoas/anatomía & histología , RadiografíaRESUMEN
To evaluate lower-limb explosive strength with respect to lifetime athletic activity, we measured vertical jumping height on a contact mat in former male runners (n = 28). soccer players (n = 31), weightlifters (n = 29) and shooters (n = 29) (age range 45 68 years). There were no statistically significant age-adjusted sport-group differences in jumping height, but differences by sport were evident among the subgroup of athletes without hip or knee osteoarthritis (n = 65) (P < 0.05). Thus, sports that increased jumping height also predisposed to lower-limb osteoarthritis. After adjustment for age and sport, the subjects without osteoarthritis jumped higher than those with osteoarthritis (n = 33) (P < 0.01). In a multiple linear regression analysis, age, reported hip and knee disability, and knee pain reduced jumping height. Hours spent in team-training during the past 12 months and the hours spent during their lifetime in power training were associated with improved vertical jumping height and together explained 41% of the difference among the subjects. The ability to jump even among athletes with hip or knee osteoarthritis would suggest that former elite athletes possess advanced lower limb muscle function.
Asunto(s)
Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Deportes/fisiología , Anciano , Cadera/fisiología , Humanos , Rodilla/fisiología , Pierna/fisiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/fisiopatología , Carrera/fisiología , Fútbol/fisiología , Levantamiento de Peso/fisiologíaRESUMEN
We studied the lifetime occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms in former elite male athletes: 29 weight-lifters, 31 soccer players, 28 long-distance runners, and 29 shooters, 45-68 years of age. The proportion of subjects with monthly back pain during the past year was smaller among runners than among the other athletes, although not statistically significant. Monthly back pain was more common in weight-lifters with lifetime training hours above the median as compared with those below the median. The average intensity of the worst back pain during the past year was clearly higher in weight-lifters and soccer players, than in runners and shooters. Knee pain at least once a month during the past year was reported by 52% (CI 33-70%) of the soccer players, 31% (CI 15-51%) of the weight lifters, 21% (CI 8-41 %) of the runners, and 17% (CI 6-36%) of the shooters (p = 0.019). Soccer players had the highest number of sports-related knee injuries (p < 0.0001). Past knee injuries were associated with knee pain in later adulthood (p = 0.048). More runners reported having had hip pain episodes during their lifetime than other athletes, but no differences were found in the occurrence of hip pain during the past year. In conclusion, compared with shooters, athletes formerly exposed to heavy exercise did not report more frequent back pain during the past year, whereas a high intensity of back pain was typical of soccer players and weight-lifters. A predisposition to knee injuries in soccer players appears to increase the risk of future knee pain. Similarly, knee pain later in life seems to be more common in weight-lifters than in runners and shooters. Long-distance runners, on the other hand, are prone to an increased lifetime risk of hip pain.
Asunto(s)
Traumatismos en Atletas/epidemiología , Sistema Musculoesquelético/lesiones , Anciano , Análisis de Varianza , Traumatismos en Atletas/etiología , Finlandia/epidemiología , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
This pilot study compared the metabolic effects of placebo and 6 mg and 12 mg of oral tizanidine in random double-blind cross-over fashion in five healthy volunteers. The metabolic measurements were made with a portable metabolic chart (Deltatrac, Datex/Instrumentarium, Helsinki, Finland). Heart rate (HR), systolic (BPS), mean (BPM) and diastolic (BPD) blood pressure were measured noninvasively. Subjective assessment of tiredness and dryness of mouth were measured by using visual analogue scales (VAS). There were no statistically significant differences in tiredness or dryness of mouth between the groups. BPD decreased significantly after both doses of tizanidine when compared to placebo (by an average of 12% after 6 mg of tizanidine and 15% after 12 mg of tizanidine from the baseline). Oxygen consumption and energy expenditure decreased significantly after 6 and 12 mg of tizanidine when compared to placebo. The average decrease in oxygen consumption was 3% after 6 mg of tizanidine and 8% after 12 mg of tizanidine, when compared to the baseline. Energy expenditure decreased by an average of 5% after 6 mg of tizanidine and 9% after 12 mg of tizanidine, when compared to the baseline. There were no other statistically significant differences between the groups. This study indicates that 6 and 12 mg of oral tizanidine can be useful for reducing energy expenditure and oxygen consumption without prominent cardiovascular effects.
Asunto(s)
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2 , Agonistas alfa-Adrenérgicos/farmacología , Clonidina/análogos & derivados , Administración Oral , Adulto , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Clonidina/farmacología , Estudios Cruzados , Método Doble Ciego , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Consumo de Oxígeno/efectos de los fármacos , Proyectos PilotoRESUMEN
Premedication has been shown to affect both oxygen consumption (VO2) and energy expenditure (EE). The metabolic responses to anticholinergic drugs have not been studied. In this study the effects of anticholinergic drugs on VO2 and EE (calculated from the measured rates of VO2 and carbon dioxide production [VCO2]: EE [kcal/d] = 3.581 x VO2 [L/d] + 1.448 x VCO2 [L/d] - 32.4) were measured in six healthy female volunteers. They were given intramuscular atropine (15 micrograms/kg), glycopyrrolate (8 micrograms/kg), scopolamine (8 micrograms/kg), and placebo in a random double-blind cross-over design. The consecutive sessions were at least 1 wk apart for each subject. VO2 and EE were measured using an indirect calorimetry (Deltatrac). Cardiovascular responses were assessed using standard noninvasive monitoring. Plasma drug concentrations were analyzed using a sensitive modification of radioreceptor assay. Subjective responses were measured with visual analog scale (VAS). Atropine and glycopyrrolate induced a significant increase in heart rate with a simultaneous decrease in pressure rate quotient (PRQ), while scopolamine caused a significant decrease in heart rate with a simultaneous increase in PRQ. Scopolamine significantly decreased both VO2 and EE, whereas glycopyrrolate increased VO2. Atropine had no significant effect on metabolic variables. Only scopolamine induced sedation in this study. In conclusion, atropine, glycopyrrolate, and scopolamine differ not only in their cardiovascular and central nervous system effects, but also in their effects on metabolism.