RESUMEN
This article is intended to familiarize the general practitioner with the important concepts in the practice of psychoanalysis. It provides an overview of the development of the field of psychoanalysis, considering it as theory of personality, as an explanation of psychopathology, and as a research procedure. It also explores psychoanalysis as a method of treatment and presents an outline of the knowledge and training necessary to become a psychoanalyst. A consideration of the analytic process includes a review of the postulates that govern its application--the analytic process, the therapeutic dyad, and psychodynamic interventions. Historical and political issues are examined, including the spread of psychoanalytic theory, the various contributions of important psychoanalytic thinkers, a review of the struggle of nonmedical psychoanalysts to break the one-time monopoly held by medical psychoanalysts, and the ongoing love-hate relationship between clinical practitioners and academic psychologists. In addition to providing this background material, this article explores the issues currently facing the field of psychoanalytic thought--the need for integration of the structural and relational perspectives and the outlook for the future of the discipline.
Asunto(s)
Psicoanálisis/tendencias , Predicción , Humanos , Psicoanálisis/educación , Teoría PsicoanalíticaRESUMEN
Although most clinicians would readily agree that there is a need for Spanish translations and normative samples of major psychological tests because of the large number of individuals within the United States whose primary language is Spanish, there are in fact few well normed tests applicable to the Spanish-speaking client in the U.S. As a result, many clinicians administer cognitive tests normed on English-speaking American populations translated into Spanish, then interpret the test results using the standard American norms. The argument is generally made that such a procedure is a reasonable approximation and when cautiously interpreted can be useful. The present study investigated the impact of this practice by using the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) on Spanish-speaking adults. A group of 50 normal Hispanic Americans aged 25 to 34 years were administered the WMS-R translated into Spanish. Results showed that using English-language standard norms resulted in Spanish-speaking normal individuals getting scores an average of 1 standard deviation below "average." These findings were present not only for verbal but for nonverbal tests as well. Based on these results we strongly argue against the clinical practice of using translations of English language tests without renorming and running new validity tests.
Asunto(s)
Comparación Transcultural , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Lenguaje , Recuerdo Mental , Escalas de Wechsler/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometría , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , TraducciónRESUMEN
This study compared two Rorschach administration methods across a number of test variables. With a within-subjects, counter-balanced design, 20 female subjects randomly received either an initial Rapaport (Rapaport, Gill, & Schafer, 1968) or an Exner (Exner, 1974, 1986) Rorschach administration. Results showed that the Exner administration produced significantly more Color (C), Shading (Shd), and Blend (B) responses than did the Rapaport administration. Intersystem differences were most prominent on the first presentation of the two administrations. The first Exner administration produced significantly more C, Shd, and Blend responses than did the first Rapaport administration. Findings are discussed in light of their clinical implications, limitations in the experimental design, and suggestions for improving future research.