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BACKGROUND: The evident influence of GLP-1 agonists as semaglutide on gastric emptying even in adherence to recommended fasting protocols instigates debates. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of semaglutide on gastric content by gastric ultrasonography in volunteers. SETTING: Private hospital. METHODS: The present study is an observational, cross-sectional, and single-center study. We included 30 consecutive volunteers aged ≥18 years who had undergone a minimum fasting period of 8 hours for solid foods and 2 hours for clear, residue-free liquids. The intervention group consisted of 15 volunteers who had used semaglutide within the last 7 days, whereas the control group consisted of 15 volunteers who had never used semaglutide. The main objective was to determine whether the stomach was full or not. RESULTS: Between June 2023 and August 2023, a total of 30 adult volunteers were included in the study, and no participant was excluded. The semaglutide group exhibited a higher prevalence of full stomach (11 of 15 [73%] versus 1 of 15 [7%], P < .001; adjusted to age P = .003). The semaglutide group also exhibited a higher prevalence of early satiety (10 of 15 [67%] versus 0 of 15 [0%], P < .001), loss of appetite (10 of 15 [67%] versus 0 of 15 [0%], P < .001), gastric fullness (8 of 15 [53%] versus 0 of 15 [0%], P = .002), and nausea (7 of 15 [47%] versus 1 of 15 [7%], P = .035). Additionally, there is no case in the semaglutide group with no gastric contents. CONCLUSIONS: The use of semaglutide is associated with full stomach even after appropriate overnight fasting. Semaglutide is also associated with increased gastrointestinal symptoms such as loss of appetite, early satiety, gastric fullness, and nausea.

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IMPORTANCE: Maneuvers assessing fluid responsiveness before an intravascular volume expansion may limit useless fluid administration, which in turn may improve outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To describe maneuvers for assessing fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. REGISTRATION: The protocol was registered at PROSPERO: CRD42019146781. INFORMATION SOURCES AND SEARCH: PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and Web of Science were search from inception to 08/08/2023. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA COLLECTION: Prospective and intervention studies were selected. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data for each maneuver were reported individually and data from the five most employed maneuvers were aggregated. A traditional and a Bayesian meta-analysis approach were performed. RESULTS: A total of 69 studies, encompassing 3185 fluid challenges and 2711 patients were analyzed. The prevalence of fluid responsiveness was 49.9%. Pulse pressure variation (PPV) was studied in 40 studies, mean threshold with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) = 11.5 (10.5-12.4)%, and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) with 95% CI was 0.87 (0.84-0.90). Stroke volume variation (SVV) was studied in 24 studies, mean threshold with 95% CI = 12.1 (10.9-13.3)%, and AUC with 95% CI was 0.87 (0.84-0.91). The plethysmographic variability index (PVI) was studied in 17 studies, mean threshold = 13.8 (12.3-15.3)%, and AUC was 0.88 (0.82-0.94). Central venous pressure (CVP) was studied in 12 studies, mean threshold with 95% CI = 9.0 (7.7-10.1) mmHg, and AUC with 95% CI was 0.77 (0.69-0.87). Inferior vena cava variation (∆IVC) was studied in 8 studies, mean threshold = 15.4 (13.3-17.6)%, and AUC with 95% CI was 0.83 (0.78-0.89). CONCLUSIONS: Fluid responsiveness can be reliably assessed in adult patients under mechanical ventilation. Among the five maneuvers compared in predicting fluid responsiveness, PPV, SVV, and PVI were superior to CVP and ∆IVC. However, there is no data supporting any of the above mentioned as being the best maneuver. Additionally, other well-established tests, such as the passive leg raising test, end-expiratory occlusion test, and tidal volume challenge, are also reliable.

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Pulmonary aspiration of gastric residues during anesthesia is a potentially fatal complication for which no specific treatment is available. The primary way to prevent its occurrence in the context of elective surgeries is adherence to fasting protocols. However, some clinical conditions can prolong the gastric emptying time, and the risk of aspiration may exist despite adequate fasting. Recognizing the risk factors for gastroparesis allows the adoption of preventive methods and is the primary way to reduce morbidity and mortality from pulmonary aspiration. In this scenario, the anesthesiologist can investigate the gastric content by using ultrasound, adjust the anesthetic technique, and even postpone elective surgeries. Here, we describe incidental computed tomography finding of solid contents in the stomach of a patient without prior identification of the risk factors for gastroparesis. The patient underwent elective renal nodule ablation under general anesthesia after fasting for 9 hours. During the procedure, solid contents in the stomach were noted on computed tomography. Subsequently, it was discovered that the patient had been using semaglutide for 6 days and had not disclosed this information. Semaglutide use may represent a new and significant risk factor for anesthesia-related pulmonary aspiration. Until studies provide information on the appropriate perioperative management of patients using semaglutide, anesthesiologists need to adopt preventive measures to avoid aspiration. Awareness of this potential association and open communication among patients, physicians, and anesthesia teams are essential for enhancing patient safety.

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ABSTRACT Pulmonary aspiration of gastric residues during anesthesia is a potentially fatal complication for which no specific treatment is available. The primary way to prevent its occurrence in the context of elective surgeries is adherence to fasting protocols. However, some clinical conditions can prolong the gastric emptying time, and the risk of aspiration may exist despite adequate fasting. Recognizing the risk factors for gastroparesis allows the adoption of preventive methods and is the primary way to reduce morbidity and mortality from pulmonary aspiration. In this scenario, the anesthesiologist can investigate the gastric content by using ultrasound, adjust the anesthetic technique, and even postpone elective surgeries. Here, we describe incidental computed tomography finding of solid contents in the stomach of a patient without prior identification of the risk factors for gastroparesis. The patient underwent elective renal nodule ablation under general anesthesia after fasting for 9 hours. During the procedure, solid contents in the stomach were noted on computed tomography. Subsequently, it was discovered that the patient had been using semaglutide for 6 days and had not disclosed this information. Semaglutide use may represent a new and significant risk factor for anesthesia-related pulmonary aspiration. Until studies provide information on the appropriate perioperative management of patients using semaglutide, anesthesiologists need to adopt preventive measures to avoid aspiration. Awareness of this potential association and open communication among patients, physicians, and anesthesia teams are essential for enhancing patient safety.

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Ketamine is unique among anesthetics and analgesics. The drug is a rapid-acting general anesthetic that produces an anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia, preserved pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes, normal or slightly enhanced skeletal muscle tone, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, and occasionally a transient and minimal respiratory depression. Research has demonstrated the efficacy of its use on anesthesia, pain, palliative care, and intensive care. Recently, it has been used for postoperative and chronic pain, as an adjunct in psychotherapy, as a treatment for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, as a procedural sedative, and as a treatment for respiratory and/or neurologic clinical conditions. Despite being a safe and widely used drug, many physicians, such as intensivists and those practicing in emergency care, are not aware of the current clinical applications of ketamine. The objective of this narrative literature review is to present the theoretical and practical aspects of clinical applications of ketamine in intensive care unit and emergency department settings.

A cetamina é única entre os anestésicos e analgésicos. A droga é um anestésico geral de ação rápida que produz um estado anestésico caracterizado por analgesia profunda, reflexos faríngeolaríngeos preservados, tônus músculo esquelético normal ou ligeiramente aumentado, estimulação cardiovascular e respiratória e, ocasionalmente, insuficiência respiratória transitória e mínima. Estudos demonstraram a eficácia de seu uso em anestesia, na dor, em cuidados paliativos e em cuidados intensivos. Recentemente, tem sido empregada para dores pós-operatórias e crônicas, como coadjuvante em psicoterapia, como tratamento para depressão e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, como sedativo para procedimentos cirúrgicos e como tratamento para condições clínicas respiratórias e/ou neurológicas. Apesar de ser um medicamento seguro e amplamente utilizado, muitos médicos, como intensivistas e emergencistas, não estão cientes das aplicações clínicas atuais da cetamina. O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica narrativa é apresentar aspectos teóricos e práticos das aplicações clínicas da cetamina em ambientes de unidade de terapia intensiva e serviços de emergência.

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RESUMO A cetamina é única entre os anestésicos e analgésicos. A droga é um anestésico geral de ação rápida que produz um estado anestésico caracterizado por analgesia profunda, reflexos faríngeolaríngeos preservados, tônus músculo esquelético normal ou ligeiramente aumentado, estimulação cardiovascular e respiratória e, ocasionalmente, insuficiência respiratória transitória e mínima. Estudos demonstraram a eficácia de seu uso em anestesia, na dor, em cuidados paliativos e em cuidados intensivos. Recentemente, tem sido empregada para dores pós-operatórias e crônicas, como coadjuvante em psicoterapia, como tratamento para depressão e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, como sedativo para procedimentos cirúrgicos e como tratamento para condições clínicas respiratórias e/ou neurológicas. Apesar de ser um medicamento seguro e amplamente utilizado, muitos médicos, como intensivistas e emergencistas, não estão cientes das aplicações clínicas atuais da cetamina. O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica narrativa é apresentar aspectos teóricos e práticos das aplicações clínicas da cetamina em ambientes de unidade de terapia intensiva e serviços de emergência.

ABSTRACT Ketamine is unique among anesthetics and analgesics. The drug is a rapid-acting general anesthetic that produces an anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia, preserved pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes, normal or slightly enhanced skeletal muscle tone, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, and occasionally a transient and minimal respiratory depression. Research has demonstrated the efficacy of its use on anesthesia, pain, palliative care, and intensive care. Recently, it has been used for postoperative and chronic pain, as an adjunct in psychotherapy, as a treatment for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, as a procedural sedative, and as a treatment for respiratory and/or neurologic clinical conditions. Despite being a safe and widely used drug, many physicians, such as intensivists and those practicing in emergency care, are not aware of the current clinical applications of ketamine. The objective of this narrative literature review is to present the theoretical and practical aspects of clinical applications of ketamine in intensive care unit and emergency department settings.

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INTRODUCTION: The devasting effects of COVID-19 have caused economic and health impacts worldwide. Anesthesiologists were one of the key professionals fighting the pandemic and have been highly exposed at their multiple sites of clinical practice. Thus, the importance of determining the nature of the infection in this population that provides care to SARS-CoV-2 patients. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional study administering an online questionnaire to examine the demographic and epidemiological profile of these professionals in Brazil, and to describe the risk factors for viral infection during the pandemic. RESULTS: A total of 1,127 anesthesiologists answered the questionnaire, 55.2% were men, more than 90% with age below 60 years, with infection and reinfection rates of 14.7% and 0.5%, respectively, and 47.2% reported a significant income reduction. The predictors of COVID-19 contamination were practicing in operating rooms (OR = 0.42; 95% CI 0.23-0.78), direct contact with infected patients (OR = 5.74; 95% CI 3.05-11.57), indirect contact with infected patients (OR = 2.43; 95% CI 1.13-5.33), working in a pre-hospital setting (OR = 2.36; 95% CI 1.04-5.03), and presence of immunosuppression, except for cancer (OR = 4.89; 95% CI 1.16-19.01). CONCLUSION: COVID-19 had enormous consequences on Brazilian anesthesiologists regarding sociodemographic aspects and contamination rates (5.57 times higher than in the general population). These are alarming and unprecedented findings for this professional group, as they reveal the considerable risk of infection and its independent predictor variables.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical characteristics, resource use, outcomes, and to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit. METHODS: Retrospective single-center cohort study conducted at a private hospital in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. All consecutive adult (≥18 years) patients admitted to the intensive care unit, between March 4, 2020 and February 28, 2021 were included in this study. Patients were categorized between survivors and non-survivors according to hospital discharge. RESULTS: During the study period, 1,296 patients [median (interquartile range) age: 66 (53-77) years] with COVID-19 were admitted to the intensive care unit. Out of those, 170 (13.6%) died at hospital (non-survivors) and 1,078 (86.4%) were discharged (survivors). Compared to survivors, non-survivors were older [80 (70-88) versus 63 (50-74) years; p<0.001], had a higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 [59 (54-66) versus 47 (42-53) points; p<0.001], and presented comorbidities more frequently. During the intensive care unit stay, 56.6% of patients received noninvasive ventilation, 32.9% received mechanical ventilation, 31.3% used high flow nasal cannula, 11.7% received renal replacement therapy, and 1.5% used extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality included age, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, Charlson Comorbidity Index, need for mechanical ventilation, high flow nasal cannula, renal replacement therapy, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit exhibited a considerable morbidity and mortality, demanding substantial organ support, and prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stay.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To describe clinical characteristics, resource use, outcomes, and to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit. Methods: Retrospective single-center cohort study conducted at a private hospital in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. All consecutive adult (≥18 years) patients admitted to the intensive care unit, between March 4, 2020 and February 28, 2021 were included in this study. Patients were categorized between survivors and non-survivors according to hospital discharge. Results: During the study period, 1,296 patients [median (interquartile range) age: 66 (53-77) years] with COVID-19 were admitted to the intensive care unit. Out of those, 170 (13.6%) died at hospital (non-survivors) and 1,078 (86.4%) were discharged (survivors). Compared to survivors, non-survivors were older [80 (70-88) versus 63 (50-74) years; p<0.001], had a higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 [59 (54-66) versus 47 (42-53) points; p<0.001], and presented comorbidities more frequently. During the intensive care unit stay, 56.6% of patients received noninvasive ventilation, 32.9% received mechanical ventilation, 31.3% used high flow nasal cannula, 11.7% received renal replacement therapy, and 1.5% used extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality included age, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, Charlson Comorbidity Index, need for mechanical ventilation, high flow nasal cannula, renal replacement therapy, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Conclusion: Patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit exhibited a considerable morbidity and mortality, demanding substantial organ support, and prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stay.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever características clínicas, uso de recursos e desfechos e identificar preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar de pacientes com COVID-19 admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, em centro único, realizado em um hospital privado localizado em São Paulo (SP). Pacientes adultos (≥18 anos) admitidos consecutivamente na unidade de terapia intensiva, entre 4 de março de 2020 a 28 de fevereiro de 2021, foram incluídos neste estudo. Os pacientes foram classificados como sobreviventes e não sobreviventes, de acordo com a alta hospitalar. Resultados: Durante o período do estudo, 1.296 pacientes [mediana (intervalo interquartil) de idade: 66 (53-77) anos] com COVID-19 foram admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva. Destes, 170 (13,6%) pacientes morreram no hospital (não sobreviventes), e 1.078 (86,4%) receberam alta hospitalar (sobreviventes). Comparados aos sobreviventes, os não sobreviventes eram mais idosos [80 (70-88) versus 63 (50-74) anos; p<0,001], apresentavam pontuação mais alta no sistema prognóstico Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 [59 (54-66) versus 47 (42-53); pontos p<0,001] e tinham mais comorbidades. Durante a internação na unidade de terapia intensiva, 56,6% dos pacientes usaram ventilação não invasiva, 32,9% usaram ventilação mecânica invasiva, 31,3% usaram cateter nasal de alto fluxo, 11,7% foram submetidos à terapia renal substitutiva, e 1,5% usou oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea. Os preditores independentes de mortalidade intra-hospitalar foram idade, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, Índice de Comorbidade de Charlson, necessidade de ventilação mecânica, uso de cateter nasal de alto fluxo, uso de terapia renal substitutiva e suporte por oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea. Conclusão: Pacientes com quadros graves da COVID-19 admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva apresentaram considerável mortalidade e morbidade, com alta demanda de terapia de suporte e internação prolongada em unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar.

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Data collection for clinical research can be difficult, and electronic health record systems can facilitate this process. The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate the secondary use of electronic health records in data collection for an observational clinical study. We used Cerner Millennium®, an electronic health record software, following these steps: (1) data crossing between the study's case report forms and the electronic health record; (2) development of a manual collection method for data not recorded in Cerner Millennium®; (3) development of a study interface for automatic data collection in the electronic health records; (4) employee training; (5) data quality assessment; and (6) filling out the electronic case report form at the end of the study. Three case report forms were consolidated into the electronic case report form at the end of the study. Researchers performed daily qualitative and quantitative analyses of the data. Data were collected from 94 patients. In the first case report form, 76.5% of variables were obtained electronically, in the second, 95.5%, and in the third, 100%. The daily quality assessment of the whole process showed complete and correct data, widespread employee compliance and minimal interference in their practice. The secondary use of electronic health records is safe and effective, reduces manual labor, and provides data reliability. Anesthetic care and data collection may be done by the same professional.

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ABSTRACT Data collection for clinical research can be difficult, and electronic health record systems can facilitate this process. The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate the secondary use of electronic health records in data collection for an observational clinical study. We used Cerner Millennium®, an electronic health record software, following these steps: (1) data crossing between the study's case report forms and the electronic health record; (2) development of a manual collection method for data not recorded in Cerner Millennium®; (3) development of a study interface for automatic data collection in the electronic health records; (4) employee training; (5) data quality assessment; and (6) filling out the electronic case report form at the end of the study. Three case report forms were consolidated into the electronic case report form at the end of the study. Researchers performed daily qualitative and quantitative analyses of the data. Data were collected from 94 patients. In the first case report form, 76.5% of variables were obtained electronically, in the second, 95.5%, and in the third, 100%. The daily quality assessment of the whole process showed complete and correct data, widespread employee compliance and minimal interference in their practice. The secondary use of electronic health records is safe and effective, reduces manual labor, and provides data reliability. Anesthetic care and data collection may be done by the same professional.

RESUMO A coleta de dados para pesquisa clínica pode representar um desafio em que sistemas de registro eletrônico em saúde podem facilitar o processo. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e avaliar o uso secundário de registros eletrônicos em saúde na coleta de dados para um estudo clínico observacional. Usamos o Cerner Millennium®, software de registro eletrônico em saúde, de acordo com os seguintes passos: (1) cruzamento dos dados das fichas de coleta de dados do estudo e dos registros eletrônicos em saúde; (2) desenvolvimento de método para coleta manual de dados não registrados no Cerner Millennium®; (3) desenvolvimento de interface de estudo para a coleta automática de dados nos registros eletrônicos em saúde; (4) treinamento de colaboradores; (5) avaliação da qualidade dos dados; e (6) preenchimento da ficha eletrônica de coleta de dados no fim do estudo. Três fichas de coleta de dados foram consolidadas em uma ficha eletrônica de coleta de dados no fim do estudo. Os pesquisadores realizaram análise qualitativa e quantitativa de dados diariamente. Foram coletados dados de 94 pacientes. Na primeira ficha de coleta de dados, 76,5% das variáveis foram obtidas eletronicamente, na segunda, 95,5%, e na terceira, 100%. A avaliação diária de qualidade do processo como um todo revelou dados completos e corretos, ampla adesão dos colaboradores e mínima interferência na prática profissional. O uso secundário dos registros eletrônicos em saúde é seguro e efetivo, reduz o trabalho manual e produz dados confiáveis. O cuidado anestésico ao paciente e a coleta de dados podem ser realizados simultaneamente pelo mesmo professional.

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INTRODUCTION: Robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) has emerged as an alternative minimally invasive surgical option. Despite its growing applicability, the frequent need for pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position could significantly affect respiratory mechanics during RAS. AVATaR is an international multicenter observational study aiming to assess the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC), to characterise current practices of mechanical ventilation (MV) and to evaluate a possible association between ventilatory parameters and PPC in patients undergoing RAS. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: AVATaR is an observational study of surgical patients undergoing MV for general anaesthesia for RAS. The primary outcome is the incidence of PPC during the first five postoperative days. Secondary outcomes include practice of MV, effect of surgical positioning on MV, effect of MV on clinical outcome and intraoperative complications. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. The study results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02989415; Pre-results.

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