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An eukaryotic expression system of Congjiang pigs IFN-λ1 was constructed to obtain its expression in CHO-K1 cells and the inhibition effect of Congjiang pig IFN-λ1 on PRRSV proliferation was verified. The eukaryotic expression plasmid pEGFP-PoIFN-λ1 was constructed from the pig IFN-λ1 gene fragment and transfected into CHO-K1 cells. Expression was detected by fluorescence microscopy and Western blotting. The influence on the proliferation of PRRSV was assessed. The results of the study showed that the recombinant plasmid pEGFP-PoIFN-λ1 was constructed correctly. After transfection, green fluorescent signal was detected in CHO-K1 cells by fluorescence microscopy. Western blot analysis revealed that in cells at different time periods after transfection, porcine IFN-λ1 was expressed, with the highest expression observed 36 h after transfection. The antiviral activity of the supernatant after 36 h of transfection was determined by the micro cytopathic inhibition method, and the biological activity was 2.1×103 U/mL. Quantitative PCR was used to detect the proliferation of PRRSV, and the results showed that Congjiang pigs IFN-λ1 significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of PRRSV and viral proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This study established a Congjiang pig IFN-λ1 eukaryotic expression system, and the quantitative PCR method showed that it has a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of PRRSV, which lays a foundation for the future production of antiviral drugs and clinical application.

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Since this article has been suspected of research misconduct and the corresponding authors did not respond to our request to prove originality of data and figures, "Circular RNA hsa_circ_0011946 promotes cell growth, migration, and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma by upregulating PCNA, by Y. Meng, E.-Y. Zhao, Y. Zhou, D.-X. Qiang, S. Wang, L. Shi, L.-Y. Jiang, L.-J. Bi, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24 (3): 1226-1232-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202002_20175-PMID: 32096152" has been withdrawn. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/20175.

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OBJECTIVE: The importance of circular RNAs in malignant tumors has been well concerned nowadays. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is diagnosed prevalently in the world. Our study aims to uncover the potential functions of hsa_circ_0011946 in OSCC development. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Real Time-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to determine the level of hsa_circ_0011946 in OSCC tissues and cell lines. Hsa_circ_0011946 was knocked down in OSCC cells. Biological functions of hsa_circ_0011946 in OSCC were identified by performing cell proliferation assay, colony formation assay, wound healing assay, and transwell assay. The underlying mechanism of hsa_circ_0011946 in regulating OSCC progression was explored by RT-qPCR and Western blot assay. RESULTS: Hsa_circ_0011946 was highly expressed in OSCC tissues compared with adjacent samples. It was also upregulated in OSCC cell lines. The knockdown of hsa_circ_0011946 inhibited cell growth, migration, and invasion in OSCC. The expression of PCNA was reduced via knockdown of hsa_circ_0011946. Furthermore, the expression of PCNA in tumor tissues was positively correlated to the expression of hsa_circ_0011946. CONCLUSIONS: Hsa_circ_0011946 could promote cell growth, migration, and invasion of OSCC by upregulating PCNA, which may offer a new therapeutic intervention for OSCC patients.

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OBJECTIVE: Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer, and metastatic prostate cancer often leads to poor outcomes for patients. During the metastasis processes, cancer cells acquire a migratory and invasive phenotype. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated in multiple processes of prostate cancer development including migration, chemoresistance, and carcinogenesis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Expressions of miR-181a in prostate tumor samples and cancer cells were measured by qRT-PCR. Epithelial or mesenchymal markers were detected by Western blot. Nuclear translocation of Smad 2/3 was measured by immunostaining of prostate cancer cells. RESULTS: In this study, we report an oncogenic role of microRNA-181a in prostate cancer cells and patients. MiR-181a is upregulated in metastatic prostate tumor samples compared with primary prostate tumors. Interestingly, we found that overexpression of miR-181a promotes prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Moreover, we observed that overexpression of miR-181a contributes to an epithelial to mesenchymal transition phenotype in prostate cancer cells: the epithelial marker, E-cadherin was downregulated, and mesenchymal markers, N-cadherin, vimentin, and snail were upregulated. Consistently, the phosphorylation of Smad 2/3 and the nuclear localization of Smad 2/3 were increased by miR-181a expression. We identified that TGIF2 - a repressor of the Smad pathway - is a direct target of miR-181a in prostate cancer cells. Importantly, restoration of TGIF2 in miR-181a overexpressing prostate cancer cells inhibited the Smad pathway and EMT processes. CONCLUSIONS: This research identifies a molecular mechanism for microRNA-mediated cancer metastasis and improvement novel therapeutic avenue for metastatic prostate cancer patient treatments.

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Introducción: Nuestro objetivo es investigar si la obesidad, la hipertensión y la diabetes mellitus (DM) aumentan la tasa de complicaciones tras nefrectomía empleando métodos de clasificación estandarizados. Métodos: Incluimos retrospectivamente 843 pacientes desde marzo de 2006 hasta noviembre de 2012, 613 de los cuales fueron sometidos a nefrectomía radical (NR) y 229 a nefrectomía parcial (NP). Se empleó el sistema de clasificación de Clavien modificado para cuantificar la gravedad de las complicaciones de la nefrectomía. Para evaluar la relación entre las tasas de complicaciones y la obesidad, la hipertensión, así como la DM, se emplearon el test exacto de Fisher y la prueba de Chi cuadrado. Resultados: La prevalencia de la obesidad, la hipertensión y la DM fue del 11,51, 30,84 y 8,78%, respectivamente. La tasa global de complicaciones fue del 19,31, 30,04, 35,71 y 36,36% para la NR laparoscópica (NRL), la NR abierta, NPL y NP abierta respectivamente. Se observó una tendencia creciente en la tasa de complicaciones leves al aumentar el IMC en la NRL (p = 0,027) y en la NR abierta (p < 0,001). Los pacientes obesos tenían más probabilidades de sufrir complicaciones leves en la NRL (OR = 4,471; IC 95%: 1,290-17,442; p = 0,031) y en la NR abierta (OR = 2,448; IC 95%: 1,703-3,518; p < 0,001). Los pacientes con hipertensión eran más propensos a sufrir complicaciones leves, especialmente complicaciones de grado II en una NR abierta (OR = 1,526; IC 95%: 1,055-2,206; p = 0,026) y en una NP abierta (OR = 2,032; IC 95%: 1,199-3,443; p = 0,009). La DM también se asoció con una mayor tasa de complicaciones de grado I en la NR abierta (OR = 2,490; IC 95%: 331-4,657; p = 0,016) y en la NP abierta (OR = 4,425; IC 95%: 1,815-10,791; p = 0,013). En comparación, las tasas de complicaciones severas fueron similares. Conclusiones: La obesidad, la hipertensión y la DM están estrechamente relacionadas con unas tasas más elevadas de complicaciones, principalmente leves, tras nefrectomía

Introduction: To investigate whether obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (DM) would increase post-nephrectomy complication rates using standardized classification method. Methods We retrospectively included 843 patients from March 2006 to November 2012, of whom 613 underwent radical nephrectomy (RN) and 229 had partial nephrectomy (PN). Modified Clavien classification system was applied to quantify complication severity of nephrectomy. Fisher's exact or chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between complication rates and obesity, hypertension, as well as DM. Results: The prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and DM was 11.51%, 30.84%, 8.78%, respectively. The overall complication rate was 19.31%, 30.04%, 35.71% and 36.36% for laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN), open-RN, LPN and open-PN respectively. An increasing trend of low grade complication rate as BMI increased was observed in LRN (P = .027) and open-RN (P < .001). Obese patients had greater chance to have low grade complications in LRN (OR = 4.471; 95% CI: 1.290-17.422; P = 0.031) and open-RN (OR = 2.448; 95% CI: 1.703-3.518; P < .001). Patients with hypertension were more likely to have low grade complications, especially grade II complications in open-RN (OR = 1.526; 95% CI: 1.055-2.206; P = .026) and open PN (OR = 2.032; 95% CI: 1.199-3.443; P = .009). DM was also associated with higher grade I complication rate in open-RN (OR = 2.490; 95% CI: 331-4.657; P = .016) and open-PN (OR = 4.425; 95% CI: 1.815-10.791; P = .013). High grade complication rates were similar in comparison. Conclusions: Obesity, hypertension, and DM were closely associated with increased post-nephrectomy complication rates, mainly low grade complications

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INTRODUCTION: To investigate whether obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (DM) would increase post-nephrectomy complication rates using standardized classification method. METHODS: We retrospectively included 843 patients from March 2006 to November 2012, of whom 613 underwent radical nephrectomy (RN) and 229 had partial nephrectomy (PN). Modified Clavien classification system was applied to quantify complication severity of nephrectomy. Fisher's exact or chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between complication rates and obesity, hypertension, as well as DM. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and DM was 11.51%, 30.84%, 8.78%, respectively. The overall complication rate was 19.31%, 30.04%, 35.71% and 36.36% for laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN), open-RN, LPN and open-PN respectively. An increasing trend of low grade complication rate as BMI increased was observed in LRN (P=.027) and open-RN (P<.001). Obese patients had greater chance to have low grade complications in LRN (OR=4.471; 95% CI: 1.290-17.422; P=0.031) and open-RN (OR=2.448; 95% CI: 1.703-3.518; P<.001). Patients with hypertension were more likely to have low grade complications, especially grade ii complications in open-RN (OR=1.526; 95% CI: 1.055-2.206; P=.026) and open PN (OR=2.032; 95% CI: 1.199-3.443; P=.009). DM was also associated with higher grade i complication rate in open-RN (OR=2.490; 95% CI: 331-4.657; P=.016) and open-PN (OR=4.425; 95% CI: 1.815-10.791; P=.013). High grade complication rates were similar in comparison. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity, hypertension, and DM were closely associated with increased post-nephrectomy complication rates, mainly low grade complications.

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There is growing evidence about the importance of female sex workers (FSWs) and their clients as bridging groups for the HIV epidemic. In China the role of FSWs is key to the future trajectory of the epidemic. This study was carried out to explore factors which may increase the potential for FSWs to act as vectors for HIV transmission. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 84 sex workers in two types of brothel in Yingjiang County of Yunnan Province, where sex work and injecting drug use are common. The key findings are that the FSWs are young, (median age 17.8 years), their engagement in sex work is short term (69% plan to work for less than one year) and the throughput of clients is low (23% only 1-2 clients per week, 71% less than seven). Awareness of HIV, STIs and condom use was generally good, but only 32% always used condoms and 18% never did. Fifty-five percent had had a health check. FSWs at the cheaper, higher throughput brothels where condom use is uncommon are a potential bridge to the general population. Interventions must focus on these FSWs and their clients to prevent them from becoming drivers of the epidemic.

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a new platform for gene therapy. We cloned the human herpesvirus HSV-1 strain F genome into a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and adapted chromosomal gene replacement technology to manipulate the viral genome. This technology exploits the power of bacterial genetics and permits generation of recombinant viruses in as few as 7 days. We utilized this technology to delete the viral packaging/cleavage (pac) sites from HSV-BAC. HSV-BAC DNA is stable in bacteria and the pac-deleted HSV-BAC (p45-25) is able to package amplicon plasmid DNA as efficiently as a comparable pac-deleted HSV cosmid set when transfected into mammalian cells. Moreover, the utility of bacterial gene replacement is not limited to HSV, since most herpesviruses can be cloned as BACs. Thus, this technology will greatly facilitate genetic manipulation of all herpesviruses for their use as research tools or as vectors in gene therapy.

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C4 photosynthesis depends upon the strict compartmentalization of the CO2-assimilatory enzymes of the C4 and Calvin cycle in two different cell types, mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells. A differential accumulation is also observed for enzymes of other metabolic pathways, and mesophyll and bundle-sheath chloroplasts of NADP-malic enzyme type C4 plants differ even in their photosynthetic electron transport chains. A large number of studies indicate that this division of labour between mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells is the result of differential gene expression. To investigate the extent of this differential gene expression and thus gain insight into the genetic basis of C4 photosynthesis, genes that are differentially expressed in the mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells were catalogued in the NADP-malic enzyme type C4 grass Sorghum bicolor. A total of 58 cDNAs were isolated by differential screening. Using a tenfold difference in transcript abundance between mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells as a criterion, 25 cDNAs were confirmed to encode mesophyll-specific gene sequences and 8 were found to encode bundle-sheath-specific sequences. Eight mesophyll-specific cDNAs showed no significant similarities within GenBank and may therefore represent candidates for the elucidation of hitherto unknown functions in the differentiation of mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells. The chromosomal location of 50 isolated cDNAs was determined by RFLP mapping using an interspecific sorghum cross.

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The product of the bcl-2 oncogene has been shown to play an important role in apoptosis and programmed cell death. In this study, a herpes simplex virus type-1 vector was constructed to carry the human bcl-2 gene. The possible role of bcl-2 in protecting neurons from excitoxicity was investigated by using the viral vector to deliver the gene into neuronal cultures before or after the cells were exposed to glutamate under conditions in which 50-80% of neurons died. Infection with the bcl-2 expressing vector 24 h prior to glutamate treatment effectively prevented the cell death that normally follows this treatment. Moreover, infection with the vector as late as 8 h after the glutamate insult still resulted in substantial neuroprotective effects. These results have potential implications for new therapies in stroke or ischemic neuropathies.

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