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Purpose: Studies involving mouse models and human uterine smooth muscle cells have shown that phenylephrine inhibits uterine contractions in non-pregnant mice and human in vitro cell via cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. However, there has been no limited exploration to date of the effect of phenylephrine on uterine contractions in clinical practice. This study aimed to compare the dose requirement of oxytocin with or without the infusion of prophylactic phenylephrine to prevent post spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery under combined spinal and epidural anesthesia. Methods: This was a double-blinded, single-center, randomized, control study. One hundred and sixty pregnant patients provided informed consent and were randomly allocated to the phenylephrine (phenylephrine infusion) and control (saline infusion) groups. Patients randomized to the phenylephrine group received an intravenous prophylactic phenylephrine infusion at a fixed rate of 0.5 µg/kg/min. The control group received a saline placebo at the same rate and used the same apparatus for delivery. After neonatal delivery and clamping of the umbilical cord, patients received a standard institutional oxytocin protocol. The primary outcome measure was the total dose of oxytocin administered during CD. Secondary outcomes including the proportion (%) of patients requiring a secondary uterotonic agent and estimated blood loss (EBL) in the first 24 h after surgery. Results: The median oxytocin dose administered was significantly higher in the phenylephrine group than in the control group [6.9 ± 2.5 international standardized units (IU) vs. 5.4 ± 2.4 IU, p = 0.0004]. The number of patients that required a secondary uterotonic agent was significantly higher in the phenylephrine group than in the control group (24.2% vs. 9.1%; p = 0.034). The EBL in the first 24-h postoperatively was similar between the two groups (467 ± 47 ml vs. 392 ± 38 ml; p = 0.22). Conclusions: Prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine used to prevent post-spinal hypotension during CD was associated with a higher dose of oxytocin. This has important clinical implications, as the suboptimal use of oxytocin is associated with an increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage and increased maternal morbidity and mortality. Further studies are now needed to confirm these findings.

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?Retinal ischemia - reperfusion injury ( RlRl ) is a common clinical disease, and the producing mechanism is still in research. Experimental and clinical research in recent years have showed that the mechanism of RlRl and oxygen free radicals, gene regulation, calcium overload, inflammatory cytokines and other factors are closely related. ln this article, we summarized the current situation that the scholars at home and abroad study traditional Chinese medicine extract of prevention and treatment of RlRl.

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BACKGROUND: The placenta acts not only as a conduit of nutrient and waste exchange between mother and developing fetus but also functions as a regulator of the intrauterine environment. Pre-eclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are leading causes of complications during pregnancy. Pathophysiologies show that they are associated with one another. Epigenetics provides a link between environmental factors that have previously been linked to poor pregnancy outcomes and fetal programming. METHODS AND RESULTS: The present study investigated genome-wide DNA methylation changes in PE and GDM compared with control subjects through DNA methylation microarray. We found that the methylation patterns of placentas from PE and GDM women were similar; 64.4% of the annotated genes with differential methylation presented concordant changes between PE and GDM patients. Significantly, the same functional processes were affected by PE and GDM, with cell adhesion and cell differentiation being the most populated clusters and including genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION: Our work showed that of DNA methylation patterns in human placentas are reliably and significantly associated with PE and GDM. DNA methylation status in the human placenta can function as a marker for the intrauterine environment and potentially play a functional role in PE and GDM development.

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AIMS: To investigate the contribution of dysfunction of maternal hemodynamics to renal impairment in preeclampsia (PE). METHODS: Urinary protein excretion, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and glomerular filtration rate were assessed in 571 pregnant women with PE in addition to and noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring. Patients were classified into two groups: PE with renal impairment (glomerular filtration rate <90 ml/min/1.73 m², n = 161) and PE with normal renal function (n = 410). Cut-off values for hemodynamic parameters were calculated using receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: Maternal systolic function and cardiac output parameters were low and peripheral resistance was high in the PE renal impairment group. Cut-off values for the hemodynamic parameters, cardiac index, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance index, and systemic vascular resistance were 2.85 l/min/m², 5.25 l/min, 3,014.5 dyn s cm⁻5 m² and 1,636.0 dyn s cm⁻5, respectively, according to receiver-operating characteristics curves. CONCLUSION: Renal impairment in PE is associated with reduced maternal cardiac output and increased peripheral resistance.

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The impacts of suspended solids in secondary effluent on "tailing" phenomenon in disinfection of E. coli with chlorine were investigated using kinetic disinfection curves. Higher SS concentration led to earlier beginning of "tailing" region with lower inactivation level. Comparison between lg-lg regression analyses of disinfection curves demonstrated that the SS concentration correlated with overall inactivation rate, which decreased by 10 times while SS concentration increased from 6 to 85 mg/L. The results of segmental modeling of disinfection curves showed that the SS concentration (at a range of 10-55 mg/L) correlated with the starting time of "tailing" region as well as the log-kill at the starting point of tailing region (R2 > 0.99). The starting time was shortened from 330 min to 55 min, and the log-kill dropped from 5.8 down to 0.8 with SS concentration increasing. Better removal of SS will improve the lg-kill of E. coli at tailing region and the inactivation rate, resulting in lower cost of construction and running. In addition, higher chlorine dosage and lower pH value could slightly enhance the log-kill in the "tailing" region.

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