RESUMEN
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease commonly seen in middle-aged and elderly people. Multiple cytokines are involved in the local tissue damage in OA. Currently, non-pharmacologic and surgical interventions are the main conventional approaches for the treatment of OA. In terms of pharmaceutical drug therapy, NSAIDs and acetaminophen are mainly used to treat OA. However, it is prone to various adverse reactions such as digestive tract ulcer, thromboembolism, prosthesis loosening, nerve injury and so on. With the in-depth study of OA, more and more novel topical drug delivery strategies and vehicles have been developed, which can make up for the shortcomings of traditional dosage forms, improve the bioavailability of drugs, and significantly reduce drug side effects. This review summarizes the immunopathogenesis, treatment guidelines, and progress and challenges of topical delivery technologies of OA, with some perspectives on the future pharmacological treatment of OA proposed.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Osteoartritis , Humanos , Osteoartritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Administración Tópica , Acetaminofén/administración & dosificación , Animales , Disponibilidad BiológicaRESUMEN
Wh-words have been analysed as existential quantifiers (Chierchia in Logic in grammar: polarity, free choice, and intervention. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013; Fox, in Sauerland U, Stateva P (eds) Presupposition and implicature in compositional semantics (Palgrave studies in pragmatics, language and cognition). Palgrave MacMillan, Houndmills, pp 71-120, 2007; Liao in Alternative and exhaustification: non-interrogative uses of Chinese wh-words. Harvard University, 2010) or universal quantifiers (Nishigauchi, in: Theoretical and applied linguistics at Kobe Shoin 2, Kobe Shoin Institute for Linguistic Sciences, 1999). These two accounts have distinct predictions on how children initially interpret wh-words. The universal account predicts that children should initially interpret wh-words as universal quantifiers, whereas the existential account anticipates that children should start out with the existential interpretation. To adjudicate between the two accounts, the present study was designed to explore pre-schoolers' semantic knowledge of wh-quantification. Specifically, it investigated the interpretation of the wh-word shenme 'what' with 4-and 5-year-old Mandarin-speaking children and a control group of adults. Using a Truth Value Judgment Task (Crain and Thornton in Investigations in universal grammar: a guide to experiments on the acquisition of syntax and semantics. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1998), Experiment 1 evaluated whether children interpret the wh-word shenme 'what' as closer in meaning to the polarity sensitive item renhe 'any' or the universal quantifier suoyou 'all' in the antecedent of ruguo 'if' conditionals. Using a Question-Answer Task, Experiments 2 & 3 respectively investigated whether children interpret shenme 'what' as closer in meaning to renhe 'any' or suoyou 'all' in two types of questions: yes-no questions with the particle ma and A-not-A questions. It was found that both children and adults interpret shenme 'what' as closer in meaning to renhe 'any' than suoyou 'all'. The findings suggest that Mandarin-speaking pre-schoolers already have adult-like semantic knowledge of wh-quantification: wh-words are existential quantifiers rather than universal quantifiers. Due to the paucity of primary linguistic input, children's early mastery of the non-interrogative wh-words appear to support the biolinguistic approach to language acquisition (Chomsky in Aspects of the theory of syntax. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1965; Pinker in Language learnability and language development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1984; Crain et al. in Language acquisition from a biolinguistic perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.004 ).
Asunto(s)
Semántica , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Adulto , Psicolingüística , Lenguaje , Adulto Joven , ChinaRESUMEN
Excess sludge produced from biological wastewater treatment plant in petroleum industry is a kind of hazardous solid waste. Converting the sludge into biochar catalysts may help to reduce its environmental risk, recover resources and increase economic efficiency. However, the role of the sludge biochar in persulfate activation remains unclear, limiting its application in removing organic pollutants from water body. In this study, metal-rich petrochemical sludge was used to produce activated sludge biochar (ASC) via a two-step method of pyrolytic carbonization (400 °C-800 °C) and subsequent KOH activation (abbreviated as ASC 400-800). The physio-chemical properties of ASC 400-800 were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Raman. The chloramphenicol (CAP) removal performances of ASC 400-800/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) systems were evaluated. Results showed that porous sludge biochar was successfully prepared by the two-step method. At 800 °C, the specific surface area of ASC reached the highest value of 202.92 m2 g-1. At 600-800 °C, Fe3O4, Fe0, and graphitized carbon were formed in ASC. Among ASC 400-800, ASC 800 exhibited the best CAP removal performance in ASC 800/PMS system by adsorption combined with catalytic degradation. The optimal conditions identified for 0.31 mM CAP removal were ASC 800 2.0 g L-1, PMS 6.2 mM, and pH 2.0. SO4â¢-, â¢OH, and 1O2 may contribute to CAP degradation. The degradation pathways of CAP were proposed based on the identified degradation intermediates. Overall, this study confirmed that porous biochar derived from petrochemical sludge was an effective adsorbent or PMS catalyst to remove organic pollutants from wastewater.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Aguas Residuales/química , Aguas del Alcantarillado , Porosidad , Cloranfenicol , Carbón Orgánico/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
The α-adducin (ADD1) is a subunit of adducin which is a cytoskeleton heterodimeric protein. Adducin participates in oocytes chromosome meiosis of mice, prompting adducin has an effect on embryonic development. Adducin gene mutation has significantly functional change. So the present study was to identify and characterize polymorphisms within the coding region of the bovine ADD1 gene among different cattle breeds. Here, 11 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs 1-11) were identified by DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-single stranded conformational polymorphism, there were one synonymous mutation in exon 1 (SNP1); four missense mutations in exons 4, 7, and 8 (SNPs 3-6); and six mutations in introns 4, 12, 13, and 14 (SNPs 2, 7-10). The statistical analyses indicated that the some SNPs are associated with the growth traits (body length, body height, chest circumference, and hucklebone width) in Chinese Jiaxian cattle population. Our results provide evidence that polymorphisms in the ADD1 gene are associated with growth traits, and may be used for marker-assisted selection in beef cattle breeding program.