RESUMEN
One of the four main non-communicable illnesses, diabetes mellitus, calls for immediate attention from all key stakeholders worldwide to address its prevalence and related consequences. Hyperglycemia and hyperglycemic-induced oxidative stress and inflammation are thought as the third largest risk factor for early mortality throughout the globe, killing an estimated 1.6 million people annually. Hyperglycemia hyperglycemic-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus are all intricately connected. Several studies showed that subclinical inflammation adds to insulin resistance and is connected to the hallmarks of metabolic syndrome, including hyperglycemia, that increases the chance of developing type 2 diabetes. Inflammation increases the creation of reactive oxygen species, which will be later increased by oxidative stress. The fundamental impetus for this study was the recognition of the interplay between diabetes, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This literature review focuses on type 2 diabetes and selected diabetic complications, and it analyses the relationship between these diseases, as well as oxidative stress, inflammation, risk factors for developing diabetes, and the mechanisms behind hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Glucemia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Inflamación , Estrés Oxidativo , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Glucemia/metabolismo , Hiperglucemia/sangre , Hiperglucemia/complicaciones , Hiperglucemia/metabolismo , Lípidos/sangre , Factores de Riesgo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Resistencia a la InsulinaRESUMEN
The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome on individuals undergoing hemodialysis. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in hemodialysis patients (HD-HIT) is a condition believed to occur in hemodialysis patients who experience a sudden decrease in platelet count or unexplained blood clotting, particularly when there is evidence of thrombosis in the dialysis circuit despite adequate heparin dosage. HD-HIT is thought to be caused by a drug reaction and hyper immunoglobulin syndrome. It often occurs in the third to fifth session). Although the sensitivity ELISA test can yield a positive outcome for anti-PF4/heparin complex antibodies (HIT antibodies), the diagnosis is usually verified by a functional assay. Discontinue all sources of heparin, including those used for flushing or locking catheters, promptly upon the emergence of clinical suspicion of hemolysis. Alternative non-heparin anticoagulants should be resumed for dialysis, preferably a direct thrombin inhibitor. It is critical to start treatment as soon as possible because within 30 days of ceasing heparin, thrombus formation, including a clotting circuit, can become more complicated. This study used two cases from two patients who suffer from HD-HIT, and it concluded that it is necessary to diagnose heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome as soon as possible, as it may lead to a high rate of infections and deaths if left untreated since dialysis patients are frequently exposed to heparin. Their condition may lead to moderate thrombocytopenia.
Asunto(s)
Diálisis Renal , Trombocitopenia , Humanos , Diálisis Renal/efectos adversos , Trombocitopenia/inducido químicamente , Trombocitopenia/diagnóstico , Heparina/efectos adversos , Anticoagulantes/efectos adversos , Manejo de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Cross-sectional studies have linked vitamin D deficiency and alteration of calcium levels to an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. This study investigated a possible correlation between blood vitamin D and calcium levels with insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes, and healthy individuals. This cross-sectional study involved 300 participants. Participants were divided into three groups (n=100), type 2diabetic, prediabetic, and healthy. In order to measure insulin resistance and ß -cell function, the HOMA IR and HOMA B were assessed, respectively. Also, the other parameters such as serum 25(OH)D, blood insulin (FPI), glucose (FBS), HbA1c, and calcium were assessed in this study. In simple regression analysis, a high vitamin D level is linked to lower levels of FBS, HbA1c, Insulin, and HOMA IR, and higher levels of HOMA B. Calcium has a positive connection with FBS and HbA1c and a negative connection with insulin level and HOMAB. Hypovitaminosis D may substantially influence diabetes patients' glycemic dysregulation. "An increased incidence of type 2 diabetes has been related to a disruption in calcium homeostasis. All in all an increament in calcium levels may have a role in developing type 2 diabetes".