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Malignant epithelioid schwannoma is a very rare disease originating from the Schwann cells. It is a subtype of malignant schwannoma. The limbs are the main location of this entity. In our case study, the inferior alveolar nerve was involved in the mandible. The prognosis for patients with this disease is poor, because metastasis occurs in more than 50%. Clinical and histological features and treatment in a 42-year-old man are discussed in detail. In addition, a short review of the literature and treatment recommendations are given.

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Focal oncocytosis in minor and major salivary glands is a relatively rare condition. We found it in 92 (8.7%) of 1056 biopsy and operation specimens of the salivary glands. There was a nearly balanced sex ratio. Oncocytosis was found mainly in patients between the 5th and 8th decades of life, with a progressive tendency. Oncocytic transformations of the ductal epithelium were always associated with additional lesions. These were chronic sialadenitis, hyperplasia and metaplasia of ductal epithelium and morphological signs of central or peripheral salivary obstruction. As etiologic factors or fundamental diseases, mainly neoplasms and chronic inflammations with hyperplasia of the oral mucosa and a primary chronic (obstructive) sialadenitis were found, but age-related mechanisms could not be excluded. We believe the oncocytic transformation to be a regressive alteration of previously hypertrophic or hyperplastic ductal epithelium with the appearance of a mitochondriopathy.

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The frequency and ratio of primary and secondary malignant liver tumours were evaluated in the autopsy, biopsy and cytology files from 1980 to 1994. In 1008 necropsies with hepatic malignancies, 91 primary liver carcinomas and 917 metastatic liver tumours were observed. In a total of 2537 malignant neoplasias at autopsy, the overall-rate of liver metastases amounted to 36%. The four most frequent primary carcinomas of liver metastases found at necropsy were bronchial, colorectal, pancreatic, and breast carcinomas. In 193 liver tumour biopsies, 27 hepatic carcinomas and 160 liver metastases were diagnosed histologically, whereas in 6 biopsies only a differential diagnosis between primary/secondary carcinomas could be made. Histologically, adenocarcinomas were observed in 65% of the liver metastases under biopsy. The four most frequent primaries of hepatic metastases registered at biopsy were colorectal, biliary system, pancreatic, and gastric carcinomas, so that metastasis formation of the portal vein type predominated in the biopsy series with 73% of the cases. In spite of supplementary immunohistological examinations, the primary tumour remained unknown in 13% of the metastases studied at liver biopsy. In 58 fine needle aspirations of clinically suspected liver tumours, 11 hepatocellular carcinomas and 29 liver metastases were found cytologically, whereas 18 specimen showed differential diagnostically inconsistent tumour findings. Gastrointestinal and breast carcinomas were the two most often primaries of liver metastases diagnosed cytologically. The primary/secondary liver tumour ratio amounted to 1:10 at autopsy and shifted to 1:6 in the biopsy series as well as to 1:3 in the cytology material.

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Using a battery of 7 horseradish peroxidase marked lectins (WGA, RCA I, PHA, LCA, PNA, UEA I, LPA) or 2 unmarked lectins (Con A, VAA I) and HRP-marked antibodies, the binding to acinar cells with a postembedding technique on semithin sections of rat pancreatic tissue after olive-oil pancreatitis was studied light microscopically. The lectin binding of the normal healthy rat pancreatic tissue (Jonas et al. 1991) changed remarkably. Whereas the apical glycocalyx of acinar cells with the strong binding of WGA, RCA I, and PHA remained unchanged within the first 10 min of damage, the basolateral cell surface lost the typical specific binding of UEA I within the initial phase of pancreatitis just 2 min after injection of olive-oil. Con A and VAA I were found to be very reactive with the necrotic cells 60 min after administration of oil. The results were discussed in relation to the possible functions of the 2 main domains of the pancreatic acinar cell glycocalyx.

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A case report is given on the rare course of an ameloblastic odontoma which originated from the right mandible in a girl at the age of 14. During the follow-up of 12 years there where 4 recurrences with a change in the histological findings. While ameloblastic epithelial complexes were found to be ever decreasing, there was, on the other hand, an increase in the mesenchymal component with foci of a marked proliferation of spindle cellular fibroblastic elements. Finally the condition progressed to an ameloblastic odontosarcoma appearing as a pleomorphic fibrosarcoma with a local metastasis. The clinical behaviour correlated with the histopathological findings.

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Experiments performed on 71 Wistar rats confirm that preexisting interruption of lymph drainage by ligation of the ductus thoracicus can have a major influence on the development of pancreatitis. The effect of a ductus hepatopancreaticus blockade in experimental group A (32 animals) was greatly exacerbated by previous ligation of the ductus thoracicus (experimental group B; 34 animals). Edema of the interstitial pancreatic tissue led to lipolytic necrotizing pancreatitis with a slight hemorrhagic component, increasing ascites after the 12 th hour of the experiment, and numerous abdominal fat necroses after about 19 hours, but only relatively minor necroses of acinar parenchyma cells in the pancreas. Fat tissue necroses were only found in almost 20% of the animals in group A, and these probably resulted from manipulation of the duodenum during the implantation of a shunt to divert the bile, whereas they were found in all animals of group B after the 19th hour of the experiment, usually in large numbers. The sometimes considerable increases in serum amylase and particularly lipase activity were caused by obstruction of the efferent ducts, but did not increase appreciably after disturbance of the lymph drainage systems. On the contrary, under these circumstances, drainage of the salivary edema via the peritoneal mesothelium and into retroperitoneal fat tissue must be considered responsible for ascites and the initiation of fat cell necroses by lipase and other enzymes.

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The metoropathological analysis of 958 fatal lung embolisms in the territory of Rostock does not make notice of special relation of the summer, preparing the material acc. to the both main seasons. In winter the fine weather phases 1-4 and normal radiation conditions result in a significant increase of the rate of mortality. A special endangering seams to occur after a period of dark weather at the transition to a period of light weather (weather phase 1).

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The frequency of the fatal pulmonary embolism in the autopsy material of Rostock University undergoes greater variations. After an increase of the incidence in connection with hyperalimentation and increase of age to the twofold to threefold between 1922 and 1974 as possible sequel of a prophylaxis of thrombosis a decrease of maximally 12.4 to 8.2% is to be established. The average age is 67.8 years, females are more affected to the relation of 1:1.6. Clinically the diagnosis of causes of death was exactly made in 25.9%. In the relation of causes dominate basic diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory system with disturbances of the haemodynamics, malignant tumours without significant preference of certain organ carcinomas and infectious-toxic complications. A conspicuous accumulation concerned the chronic respiratory syndrome, often a polypathia existed. In the region of the coast of the Baltic Sea pulmonary embolisms appeared statistically significantly more frequently in fine weather phases and at beginning fine weather, respectively, with indifferent or tendencially rising global radiation on the day of the event and particularly in winter season. An influence of passages of weather fronts could not be established.

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UNLABELLED: The changes in the exocrine pancreas were investigated after ligature of the excretory duct in 51 Wistar rats. A qualitative microdetermination of the epithelial cells was carried out in the originated ductulus-like structures. CONCLUSIONS: The acinic epithelial cells grow atrophically first of all and become necrotic in the end. A dedifferentiated acinic cellular atrophy with metamorphosis to a ductulus-like cell type could not be observed. Proliferative and preproliferative events occur in the duct epithelial cells. Cystic ductulus-like structures originated from this. These fill out the former acinic areas by immature, few differentiated, pluripotent epithelial cells that look similar to embryonal pancreatic cells.

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It is reported on a 25-year-old female patient suffering from chronic pyelonephritis. Six times coagulase-negative staphylococci were bacteriological proved in a significant number. Four strains were identified as Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The in each case in the autumn occurring complaints could be correlated well with the seasonal fluctuations of urinary tract infections by S. saprophyticus as described in the literature. Chemotherapeutic measures be determined by the clinical symptoms and subjective complaints of the patient. By an antibiotic therapy only a temporary loss of complaint and normalization of urinary findings, respectively, were obtained. In the presence of a marked leukocyturia a capsula-fashioned variant of S. saprophyticus was established. By scanning electron microscopy investigations fimbria-like surface structures were detected for the first time in this germ species. Three morphological different appendage structures are described. By a hypothetical model possible functions of these structures in the adherence process are discussed.

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In relation to the ability of adhesiveness to HEp-2-cells the sizes of capsules on three strains of Staphylococcus saprophyticus were examined using an electron microscopic India ink technique. There was a good correlation between small amounts of capsular material and good adherence to the tissue culture cells. In contrast to this a very large capsule could be demonstrated on a strain which adhered only in a poor manner. Some indications of fimbriae-like structures could be confirmed by negative staining. Three different appendages: thick, short sticks, long, branched fimbriae and fine, thin filaments on the surface of S. saprophyticus were detected. The possible functions of these surface structures in the adherence process represented in a hypothetical cell model is discussed.

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The conception of an implantable kidney provides the substitute of the non-functioning kidney by a technical-biological system. The filtration function is to be performed by a capillary hemofilter. The results obtained in an open test circulation on 3 filters produced by optimum aspects were represented and compared with the physiological performance parameters of the kidney. The special importance of the construction of the flow conditions in the single capillary is accentuated as the fundamental aspect for additional optimization. An optimized capillary filter produced the necessary filtration rate for maintaining the homeostasis on condition of a low-protein diet and an increased level of blood urea. The changes of the hemorheologic parameters is to come up by an adequate absorption of fluid in the colon.

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To examine the significance of a disturbed lymph drainage for the pathogenesis of acute necrotizing pancreatitis, thoracic duct ligation was performed in 53 Wistar rats. Histological examination of the pancreas and analysis of serum lipase and serum amylase were carried out at various time intervals from 1 h to 42 days after initiating the experiment. Sudden stop of the lymph flow induced a long lasting pancreatic edema, initially in the perilobular interstitium and eventually also within some lobules, with scattered necroses of whole acini or single acinar cells mainly in the peripheral zones of the lobuli. In addition, a marked interstitial inflammatory infiltrate developed, resembling lipophage granulomas. This was most likely due to alymphangeal reflux of sunflower oil, applicated for the visualization of the thoracic duct. These findings suggest that changes in the lymph flow may favour the development of acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

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The prostate epithelium of rats which received repeated cadmium chloride (CdCl2) injections showed a gradual disruption of structural differentiation. Electron microscopy studies revealed severe changes in the ultrastructure affecting all epithelial cell organelles, particularly the nuclei, rough endoplasmatic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. The cells infiltrating the stroma contained secretory vacuoles and their nuclear evaginations on the invasion front showed similarities to ultrastructural pathological changes in man. Examinations of the ventral prostate following oral CdCl2 administration revealed changes ranging in severity up to dysplasia, but there was no evidence of carcinoma.

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In 89 preparations of patients with a carcinoma of the prostate and 100 preparations of patients with a hyperplasia of the prostate (adenoma of the neck of the bladder) the appearance of primarily atypical hyperplasias was investigated. In these cases in the carcinoma group in the uniform as well as in the pluriform carcinomas a coincidence of carcinoma and atypical hyperplasia of 55% was found. The coincidence is particularly high in adenocarcinomas and in carcinomas with dominating adenoid part, respectively, i. e. in more mature glandular structures. Among the various histological types of the atypical hyperplasia the microglandular/papillary clear-cellular form is dominating with 82%. In the group of the benign hyperplasia of the prostate gland a coincidence of the atypical hyperplasia of 33% was found. Though this rate, in comparison to other investigators, seems to be relatively high, it is still significantly lower than in the carcinoma. From this follows that the atypical hyperplasia, particularly its severest forms and dysplastic deformations from other hyperplasias (postatrophic hyperplasia, basal cell hyperplasia, atrophy and metaplasia of the prostate) now as ever are suspected that these cases in question are precancerous lesions. For the clinically working urologist the task is derived in such histopathological diagnoses by clinical and bioptical follow-up controls to find an already existing, but still unrecognized, or developing carcinoma of the prostate gland. In no case the diagnosis may cause surplus therapeutic consequences.

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An analysis of 287 (1.42%) exocrine pancreatic carcinomas of an 18 years post-mortem examination includes pathomorphological and histological findings of the tumors, causes of death, important concomitant diseases, and relevant clinical details. The tumor prefers the old age. We found a medium age of 68.2 years and a nearly balanced sex ratio, but some age dependent differences in this ratio. Localization, histological type, staging and dependent findings of the tumours do not differ essentially from wellknown statements. Among the causes of death there was in the first position the tumour itself (48.5%), followed by general tumour associated (39%) and local complications (11.5%). We found no foregoing diseases respectively endogenous risk factors of pancreatic cancer. This statement concerns particularly the chronic pancreatitis, diseases of the biliary tract or the gastroenteron, and diabetes mellitus. The role of a particular blood group was to exclude. Special findings are discussed. The results rather support the significance of exogenous risk factors, especially of nicotine and ethanol, which, in conjunction with other in relation to the exocrine pancreas weak carcinogenic agents and hyperplasiogenic factors may contribute to the increasing incidence of the exocrine pancreatic cancer.

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The vasovasostomy with the double-layered end-to-end anastomosis by Silber is a microsurgical ideal method. We think we found experimentally an ideal method for the vasoepididymostomy with the open end-to-side anastomosis and direct spermato-tight microsurgical suture. Specialties of the species rat and dog have to be observed. Restrictions of the anastomotic region lead to infertility.

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In the pancreas of female rats (180 g body mass) mast cells were seen with histological and histochemical methods in the periductular and perivasal connective tissue in a less number; they were absent in the interacinar region totally. Compared to it they were relatively numerous in the peripancreatic investing tissue. Under calciphylactic conditions (H. Selye) i. e. after sensitization with Vitamin D2 and infiltration of Ferric dextran only calcifies the interstitium of the pancreatic gland, but not the peripancreatic tissue. It is concluded that mast cells in the calciphylactic reaction of the pancreas are of an inferior importance, a mastocalciphylaxis does not exist, but in the sense of a simple calciphylaxis the collagenous connective tissue undergoes a calcifying reaction.

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