RESUMEN
The most common cause of hindlimb lameness in dogs is cranial cruciate ligament rupture. In 48-77.3% of the population this trauma leads to secondary damage of the meniscus. Depending on the magnetic strength of the used device, different diagnostic accuracy can be achieved. The examination sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging is affected by many factors which are independent of diagnostic strength, such as correct positioning of the patient, size of the stifle joint examined, or selection of the right protocol of sequences. Sensitivity of meniscus damage detection was 100% and 90%, respectively, in high- and low-field magnetic resonance. The best results were reported during examination of the stifle in dogs above 10 kg b.w. at a flexion angle of 145°, and in sagittal and dorsal planes. Regardless of the magnetic strength applied, imaging of the whole cranial cruciate ligament is difficult. Moreover, MRI allows the detection of the first signs of osteoarthritis, which were observed 4 and 6 weeks after rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament using high and low-field MRI. This also applies to lesions in the subchondral bone or a bone marrow which occurred in association with insufficiency of the stifle joint, and were mainly localized in the epiphysis of the femur and tibia. The present article provides a comparison of different examination protocols and images of damaged stifle structures, such as menisci, ligaments and bones of the stifle joint visualized with low-field and high-field magnetic resonance. Magnetic resonance arthrography is also discussed.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Artropatías/veterinaria , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Rodilla de Cuadrúpedos/diagnóstico por imagen , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Artropatías/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Rodilla de Cuadrúpedos/patologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine clinical correlates of juvenile-onset OCD across the lifespan. METHOD: Data collected at the intake interview from 257 consecutive participants with juvenile-onset OCD (20 children, 44 adolescents and 193 adults) in a naturalistic study of the clinical course of OCD were examined. Participants and parents of juvenile participants completed a structured diagnostic interview, rater-administered severity measures and self-report questionnaires. RESULTS: Children and adolescents (i.e. juveniles) shared similar features with the exception of age at onset and OCD symptom expression. Clinically meaningful differences between juvenile and adult participants were also found. Compared with adults, juveniles were more likely to be male, recall an earlier age at OCD onset and have different lifetime comorbidity patterns. CONCLUSION: Juvenile-onset OCD symptom expression is remarkably similar across the lifespan. However, findings also suggest clinically meaningful differences between juveniles and adults. Future work using a prospective design will improve our understanding of course patterns of juvenile-onset OCD.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Edad de Inicio , Anciano , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/diagnóstico , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/epidemiología , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/psicología , Niño , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/epidemiología , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/psicología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos del Humor/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Humor/epidemiología , Trastornos del Humor/psicología , Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo/diagnóstico , Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo/psicología , Padres/psicología , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Autorrevelación , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Distribución por Sexo , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/diagnóstico , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
There is a growing body of research pointing to the possibility that anxious individuals may have difficulty disengaging their attention from threat-relevant information when this information is task irrelevant (e.g., Amir, N., & Elias, J. (2002). Allocation of attention to threat in social phobia: difficulty in disengaging from task irrelevant cues, Manuscript under review; The Quarterly J. Expo. Psycho. 54A (2001) 665). In the current paper, we report a direct test of this hypothesis in individuals with social phobia. Participants performed a variation of the Posner paradigm (Quart. J. Exp. Psycho. 32 (1980) 3). Social threat, neutral, or positive words cued one of two locations on the computer screen. After the cue disappeared, participants had to detect a probe ("(*)") that appeared in one of the two locations. On some trials the cue was valid (i.e., the probe appeared in the same location as the cue). On other trials the cue was invalid (the probe appeared in a different location than the cue). Yet, on other trials, no cue was presented. All participants were slower in detecting probes following invalid cues than probes following valid cues. Furthermore, individuals with social phobia showed significantly longer response latencies when detecting invalidly cued targets than did controls, but only when the probe followed a social threat word. These results suggest that individuals with social phobia may have difficulty disengaging their attention from socially threatening material.
Asunto(s)
Atención , Señales (Psicología) , Trastornos Fóbicos/psicología , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas PsicológicasRESUMEN
The present study examined the proposition that inflated responsibility is implicated in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Compared to non-anxious control participants (NACs), and an anxious control group with generalized social phobia (GSPs), we predicted that individuals with OCD (OCs) would exhibit a greater urge to rectify situations involving potential risk, would report more distress upon leaving such situations unrectified, and would feel more personal responsibility if the unrectified situations resulted in harm. Fifteen OCs, 15 NACs, and 15 GSPs completed the Obsessive Compulsive Responsibility Scale (OCRS), which included low-risk, OC-relevant, and high-risk situations. Compared to NACs and GSPs, OCs reported more urges, distress, and responsibility in low-risk and OC-relevant situations; no group differences were detected on high-risk situations. GSPs and NACs differed only in their responsibility in OC-relevant situations, with GSPs reporting higher responsibility than controls. Our results suggest that compared to OCs, NACs, and GSPs can better differentiate between situations that merit concern and ones that do not.