RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Physical activity (PA) and adequate macro- and micronutrient intake have favourable influence on the bone status. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationships among PA, anthropometric data, dietary intake and ultrasound bone characteristics in children. METHODS: 10-12 years old Hungarian children (N = 123, 59 girls, 64 boys) provided physical activity, diet, anthropometric and bone data. PA was measured with accelerometer (Actigraph GT3X+). Diet was evaluated with three-day, 24-hour food recall. Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) bone parameters were registered with Sonost3000 bone densitometer. RESULTS: Nutrition and anthropometry did not differ by gender. The values of broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) were significantly higher in boys. Girls spent significantly more time being sedentary, boys had greater light, moderate, vigorous, and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels. The children accumulated more than twice the suggested amount of public health guidelines for MVPA. QUS parameters correlated significantly with vigorous physical activity in boys, and with age, height, weight, fat percentage, and body mass index (BMI) for both genders. There was no significant relationship between nutrition and QUS; however, inadequate vitamin K intake correlated with less favourable bone parameters. Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed the importance of vigorous PA - speed of sound (SOS): ß = 0.358, p = 0.006; BUA: ß = 0.340, p = 0.007; bone quality index (BQI): ß = 0.377, p = 0.002; vitamin K intake - SOS: ß = 0.256, p = 0.025; BUA: ß = 0.235, p = 0.033; BQI: ß = 0.295, p = 0.007; BMI - SOS: ß = 0.207, p = 0.064; BUA: ß = 0.455, p < 0.001; BQI: ß = 0.284, p = 0.008; and age - SOS: ß = 0.450, p < 0.001; BUA: ß = 0.318, p = 0.004; BQI: ß = 0.444, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the characteristics of ultrasound bone parameters among 10-12 years old children mainly depended on the amount of intense PA, adequate vitamin K intake and anthropometric variables related to age.
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Calcáneo/diagnóstico por imagen , Dieta , Ejercicio Físico , Estilo de Vida , Ultrasonografía/métodos , Antropometría , Densidad Ósea , Calcáneo/fisiología , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Hungría , MasculinoRESUMEN
Backround: Osteoporosis is a common disease and physical activity (PA) has a favourable influence on bone status. AIM: To establish normative data for calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) bone characteristics in children and to analyse the relationships between PA, anthropometric and bone parameters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Hungarian children aged 7-19 (n = 2674; 1325 girls, 1349 boys) provided PA, anthropometric and bone data. QUS parameters were registered with Sonost3000 densitometer (speed of sound: SOS, m/s; broadband ultrasound attenuation: BUA, dB/MHz; bone quantity index (BQI = αSOS + ßBUA). Reference centiles of QUS parameters were constructed by LMS method. Multivariate linear regression models were used to analyse the relationships. RESULTS: QUS bone parameters increased with age. There were no gender differences, except in 11- and 19-year-old children, where boys showed higher values. SOS (1497.15 ± 15.72 vs 1494.05 ± 14.81 m/s) and BQI (65.31 ± 16.71 vs 62.26 ± 15.78) were higher in athletic children. The regression model revealed significant relations between SOS and age, relative muscle mass and PA; BUA correlated with gender, morphological age, BMI, relative muscle mass and PA. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the bone parameters among 7-19-year-old Hungarian children depended on age, anthropometric dimensions and the level of PA. The normative data could be used for monitoring QUS bone parameters in children, leading to more effective interventions for healthy bones.
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Antropometría , Densidad Ósea , Calcáneo/diagnóstico por imagen , Calcáneo/fisiología , Ejercicio Físico , Adolescente , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Hungría , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Análisis Multivariante , Valores de Referencia , Ultrasonografía , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
SUMMARY: Osteoporosis, a public health problem, is mainly determined on the basis of bone mineral density (BMD). The rs1800247 polymorphism of the osteocalcin gene is associated with BMD. The results of one recent Polish study led us to the examination of a possible connection between polymorphism and bone ultrasound parameters in the Hungarian population, including elite athletes. A total of 302 subjects participated in the study. Genotype analysis was carried out via a DNA chip, and anthropometric measurements were taken according to the International Biological Program. Sixty-three (63) of the participants were also measured by ultrasound bone densitometer. The genotype frequencies of osteocalcin polymorphism in the total sample were: 59.9% for hh; 36.1% for Hh; and 3.97% for HH. We separated the 63 subjects by the presence or absence of H allele, and there were no significant differences between the two groups, either in the anthropometric, or in the ultrasound parameters. In grouping the sample by genotypes, no differences were detectable in any of the bone characteristics. Compared to the controls, athletes had significantly higher results in all of the bone ultrasound values. The polymorphism of the osteocalcin gene showed no effect on bone quantity in the examined Hungarian population.
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Atletas/estadística & datos numéricos , Densidad Ósea/genética , Osteocalcina/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Humanos , Hungría/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Physical activity and adequate calcium intake have favourable influences on the bone status, while body structure and function can be altered with lifestyle changes. The use of portable quantitative ultrasound measurements provides a non-invasive method of evaluating bone characteristics. AIM: To analyze relationships between physical activity, anthropometric variables, milk consumption and bone parameters in late adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The subjects were 16-18-year-old athletic and non-athletic adolescents (N = 377). Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound parameters were registered with Sonost 3000 bone densitometer. The analysis included speed of sound (SOS, m s-1), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB MHz-1), bone quantity index (BQI = αSOS + ßBUA). Anthropometry was measured according to the guidelines of International Biological Program (Weiner and Lourie 1969). Body composition was assessed by Parízková's (1961), and Drinkwater & Ross (1980) method. The level of dairy consumption and habitual physical activity were estimated with the use of self-reported questionnaires. Differences between subgroups were tested by Student's t-test and by one-way ANOVA. Correlation patterns of the variables for total sample and subgroups were analyzed (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Athletic and non-athletic subgroups differed, with the athletes having better values: SOS (boys: 1507.00 ± 12.25 vs. 1493.16 ± 11.51; girls: 1501.40 ± 13.87 vs. 1486.68 ± 11.14), BUA (boys: 91.99 ± 11.78 vs. 83.79 ± 14.26; girls: 90.96 ± 8.48 vs. 85.25 ± 12.51), BQI (boys: 77.77 ± 11.29 vs. 66.17 ± 13.28; girls: 73.28 ± 9.31 vs. 63.25 ± 12.39). QUS parameters differed significantly by frequency of milk consumption: SOS (1502.25 ± 16.7 vs. 1495.9 ± 13.48); BUA (90.12 ± 15.9 vs. 85.79 ± 14.56); and BQI (73.29 ± 17.15 vs. 67.24 ± 14.3). CONCLUSIONS: Bone variables differed in athletic and non-athletic 16-18-year-old adolescents. Regular dairy consumption proved beneficial in all osteoid characteristics. Quantitative bone characteristics depend on gender, physical activity and nutrition. Findings have the potential to inform the development of more effective interventions.
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Calcáneo/fisiología , Dieta , Estilo de Vida , Actividad Motora , Adolescente , Antropología Física , Antropometría , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate complex hormonal response in ball game and cyclic sport elite athletes through an incremental treadmill test, since, so far, variables in experimental procedures have often hampered comparisons of data. METHODS: We determined anthropometric data, heart rate, maximal oxygen uptake, workload, plasma levels of lactate, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, cortisol, angiontensinogen and endothelin in control (n = 6), soccer (n = 8), handball (n = 12), kayaking (n = 9) and triathlon (n = 9) groups based on a Bruce protocol through a maximal exercise type of spiroergometric test. RESULTS: We obtained significant increases for adrenaline, 2.9- and 3.9-fold by comparing the normalized means for soccer players and kayakers and soccer players and triathletes after/before test, respectively. For noradrenaline, we observed an even stronger, three-time significant difference between each type of ball game and cyclic sport activity. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise related adrenaline and noradrenaline changes were more pronounced than dopamine plasma level changes and revealed an opportunity to differentiate cyclic and ball game activities and control group upon these parameters. Normalization of concentration ratios of the monitored compounds by the corresponding maximal oxygen uptake reflected better the differences in the response level of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine and cortisol.