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A case-control study of spontaneous diabetes mellitus in dogs was undertaken, using 2 veterinary data bases. The Veterinary Medical Data Program (VMDP) contained records of 1,019 cases of canine diabetes from 14 university-affiliated veterinary hospitals. The Animal Medical Center (AMC), a private veterinary hospital which has not participated in the VMDP, contained records of 449 diabetes cases. Each data base was analyzed separately, control groups being chosen from all admissions, excluding diabetic animals. Summary odds ratios by sex adjusted for age and breed indicated significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated risks for entire females and neutered females compared with that for entire males. The VMDP data indicated a significantly elevated risk for castrated males, whereas the risk derived from AMC data was not significantly different from 1. Analysis of risks by breed adjusting for age and sex identified Poodles as being at significantly excess risk, and German Shepherd Dogs, Cocker Spaniels, Collies, and Boxers at significantly decreased risk in both data sets. The male-female risk ratio changed with age from 1 at less than 1 year of age to a predominance of females at older ages. In the AMC data base, diabetes was significantly associated with cataracts in dogs of both sexes combined. Diabetes was also significantly associated with benign mammary tumors in female dogs.

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Among 331 animals with cleft palate in a veterinary clinic-hospital population, cats, mixed breed dogs and German Shepherd Dogs had low risk for cleft palate; high rates were seen in English Bulldogs, some small purebred dogs and Charolais cattle, where cleft palate occurred as part of a syndrome of multiple malformations. Many of the epidemiologic characteristics resemble features of cleft palate in humans and suggest animal breeds suitable for exploration as animal models for use by experimental teratologists, developmental biologists, and clinicians.

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Geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis (MS) was defined by case/control ratios for state of pre-illness residence for US white male veterans "service-connected" for MS. The Veterinary Medical Data Program of the National Cancer Institute receives diagnostic information from most of the university veterinary medical centers in the US (and Canada). The Center for Disease Control had carried out a 2-year surveillance program for human bites by animals. State distributions for MS were compared with those for the proportion of admissions for canine distemper (CD), the ratio of CD cases to the human population, and human bites by dogs per unit of population. There was no evidence that any of the CD risk indices was positively correlated with that for MS. These results suggest that CD, exposure to dogs, or dog bites are unlikely to be involved in the etiology of MS.

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Cattle, horses, cats, and dogs with microscopically confirmed multiple primary tumors were reported to the Veterinary Medical Data Program, a system to collect, store and retrieve veterinary clinical information. Of 2611 tumors diagnosed prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to other tumors during the period studied, 2361 were in 1062 dogs and 250 were in 120 other animals in all other species categories. The 604 multiple primary malignancies (two or more malignant tumors in one animal) were similarly distributed, by species, with 512 in dogs and 92 in all other species combined. The total number of multiple tumors reported in dogs closely approximated a theoretic model of random distribution, but several site-pairs of tumors seemed to occur excessively; one pair (mammary tumors and tumors of internal female organs) might parallel a similar excessive occurrence in women, suggesting a possible spontaneous tumor model for the latter.

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An aged Boxer dog had 9 distinct primary tumors: chemodectoma, osteosarcoma, bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma, interstitial cell tumor, seminoma, basal cell tumor, fibropapilloma, adrenal cortical adenoma, and pancreatic adenoma. From this report, as well as from other studies, it is clear that Boxers have special susceptibilities to a variety of tumors. Analysis of clinical data on canine tumors indicated that the risk of Boxers for multiple tumors is only slightly higher than all tumors, indicating little or no specific predisposition for multiple tumors. In Boxers, however, certain tumor types occurred more frequently as multiple primary tumors than would be expected by chance.

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Four hundred sixty-nine oral-pharyngeal malignancies diagnosed in dogs, cats, horses, and cattle and submitted to the Viterinary Medical Data Program between March 1, 1964, and Dec 31, 1974, were analyzed. Of these cases, 84% were in dogs. The most frequent oral-pharyngeal cancer in dogs was melanoma; in cats and horses, it was squamous cell carcinoma. In dogs, the risk of developing melanoma increased more with age than did the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma and fibrosarcoma. Male dogs had significantly greater risk of developing fibrosarcomas and melanomas than did female dogs. The German Shorthaired Pointer, Weimaraner, Golden Retriever, Boxer, and Cocker Spaniel breeds had significantly higher risk and Dachshunds and Beagles had significantly lower risk, as compared with all breeds combined. There was no significant difference between observed and expected numbers of tonsillar carcinomas diagnosed at veterinary colleges located in small urban areas (less than 50,000 persons) as compared with large urban populations (greater than 500,000).

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A series of 18 angiosarcomas of the liver in dogs reported by veterinary schools in the United States and Canada suggested that certain breeds may have an excess of the tumor and that there is no marked predilection by sex. Histologic characteristics of hepatic angiosarcomas were similar in man and dog, but the relative frequency in dogs was about 25-100 times that of man.

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In the Veterinary Medical Data Program, 4,111 cases of the feline urological syndrome (FUS) were identified from the abstracted records for the period March, 1964, through December, 1973. Associations between FUS and some relevant factors were evaluated by a relative risk technique, referring to the characteristics of the population of all cats seen at the 13 contributing veterinary colleges. Significant differences existed in the rates of FUS for these institutions, whereas the seasonal variations in general were similar for all institutions and years, showing a peak in March and a decrease in July-August. There was an increase in the frequency of the FUS diagnosis over the 10-year period. Persian cats showed increased risk, and Siamese cats decreased risk relative to the other breeds, and castrated males and spayed females were found to have excess risk when compared with their respective unaltered sex category; interaction from age affected the degree but not the direction of these associations. The age factor per se had risks peaking at 2 to 6 years. Finally, heavy cats showed significantly higher risk of FUS than did less heavy cats.

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Three hundred cases of primary neoplasms involving the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses were found among the reports of 12,300 microscopically confirmed neoplasms. The multispecies data were compiled from abstracts of medical records by 13 colleges of veterinary medicine in the United States and Canada from 1964 to 1973. Significant numbers of neoplasms were observed in dogs, horses, and cats. Intranasal neoplasms were more frequent than those of the paranasal sinuses in dogs and cats. Only cats had a sex difference in the occurrence of nasal neoplasms, with a male predilection. The frequency of neoplasms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses increased with age in all species examined. A clear relationship could not be established between nose length and of intranasal neoplasms. Of the tumors, 80% were malignant in dogs, 68% in horses, and 91% in cats. Detailed review of medical records in a subset of 49 dogs with neoplasms of the nasal passage and paranasal sinuses revealed major clinical signs of nasal and ocular discharge, facial deformity, and stertorous breathing. Median duration of signs prior to diagnosis was 3 months and 95% of the dogs had been given treatment prior to definitive diagnosis. All 49 tumors were malignant; 27 were classified histologically as carcinomas and 22 were sarcomas. Nineteen dogs were treated, using surgery alone or in combination with radiation therapy. Median survival duration was 5 months (mean 6.7 mo).

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From 11 North American veterinary university hospitals and clinics, 248 animals were a confirmed diagnosis of nervous-tissue tumor were identified; 7 tumors were found in cattle, 28 in horses, 14 in cats, 199 in dogs, and none in other species. Tumors were divided for analysis into three categories-glial, meningeal, and peripheral nerve. In cattle and horses, all tumors involved peripheral nerves, the risk of which, in horses, reached a plateau at 4-6 years of age and remained constant thereafter. In cats, the tumors were equally distributed among the three tumor categories whereas, in dogs, twice as many glial tumors as meningeal and peripheral nerve tumors were found. The risk for glial tumors in dogs reached a peak at 10-14 years of age, for meningeal at 7-9 years, and for peripheral nerve at 2-3 and 7-9 years. Three canine breeds-English bulldog, boxer, and Boston terrier-had an excessive rish of glial tumors. Except for an excess of skin tumors in dogs with peripheral nerve tumors, there was no unusual occurrence with second primary neoplasms for any species. There was no detectable predisposition by sex for any of the categories of nervous-tissue tumors among any of the four species. The role of genetic abnormalities associated with nervous-tissue tumors and other etiologic factors (e.g., chronic hypoxia) may be clarified by further studies involving canine breeds of "bulldog" ancestry.

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