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Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) hold promise in biomedi-cine, but challenges like aggregation, protein corona formation, andinsufficient biocompatibility must be thoroughly addressed beforeadvancing their clinical applications. Designing AuNPs with specificprotein corona compositions is challenging, and strategies for coronaelimination, such as coating with polyethylene glycol (PEG), havelimitations. In this study, we introduce a commercially availablezwitterionic derivative of glutathione, glutathione monoethyl ester(GSHzwt), for the surface coating of colloidal AuNPs. Particles coatedwith GSHzwt were investigated alongside four other AuNPs coated withvarious ligands, including citrate ions, tiopronin, glutathione, cysteine,and PEG. We then undertook a head-to-head comparison of theseAuNPs to assess their behavior in biological fluid. GSHzwt-coated AuNPsexhibited exceptional resistance to aggregation and protein adsorption. The particles could also be readily functionalized with biotinand interact with streptavidin receptors in human plasma. Additionally, they exhibited significant blood compatibility andnoncytotoxicity. In conclusion, GSHzwt provides a practical and easy method for the surface passivation of AuNPs, creating “stealth”particles for potential clinical applications.
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Background: Sensitivity of classical coagulation assays by using mammalian plasmas to pro‐ and anticoagulant compounds includ ing venom or toxins occurs on a microscale level (micrograms). Al though it improves responses to agonists, recalcification triggers a relatively fast thrombin formation process. The Recalcification Time (RT) of factor XII- deficient Chicken Plasma (CP) is comparatively long (≥1800 seconds) when compared to human plasma or others. Our objective was to compare its sensitivity with that presented by human plasma samples to Unfractionated Heparin (UH), a pro totype anticoagulant compound, under similar conditions through rotational thromboelastometry. Methods: To find doses of UH sufficient enough to prolong the Clotting Time (CT) parameter of these activated plasmas to values within their normal RT ranges. Results: In total, 0.0065±0.0009 IU of UH (n=6) was detected in 260µL of CP samples, but only 0.125±0.012 IU of UH was sufficient to induce a similar effect in activated human plasma samples. Conclusion: The higher sensitivity of CP to anticoagulants could be useful for (a) detection of anticoagulant compounds in substanc es of unknown origin; (b) purification procedures of anticoagulant toxins from crude animal venoms and (c) determination of relative potencies of agonists and their selective antagonists such as phar maceutical agents, antivenoms or natural inhibitors of venom tox ins with a better result in kinetic clothing parameters
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The evolution of snake venoms resulted in multigene toxin families that code for structurally similar isoforms eventually harboring distinct functions. PLA2s are dominant toxins in viper venoms, and little is known about the impact of their diversity on human envenomings and neutralization by antivenoms. Here, we show the isolation of three distinct PLA2s from B. atrox venom. FA1 is a Lys-49 homologue, and FA3 and FA4 are catalytic Asp-49 PLA2s. FA1 and FA3 are basic myotoxic proteins, while FA4 is an acid non-myotoxic PLA2. FA3 was the most potent toxin, inducing higher levels of edema, inflammatory nociception, indirect hemolysis, and anticoagulant activity on human, rat, and chicken plasmas. FA4 presented lower anticoagulant activity, and FA1 had only a slight effect on human and rat plasmas. PLA2s presented differential reactivities with antivenoms, with an emphasis on FA3, which was not recognized or neutralized by the antivenoms used in this study. Our findings reveal the functional and antigenic diversity among PLA2s from B. atrox venom, highlighting the importance of assessing venom variability for understanding human envenomations and treatment with antivenoms, particularly evident here as the antivenom fails to recognize FA3, the most active multifunctional toxin described.
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Since the COVID-19 pandemic started, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) appeared as a therapeutic option to reduce the over-activated inflammatory response and promote recovery of lung damage. Most clinical studies use intravenous injection for MSC delivery, raising several concerns of thrombogenic risk due to MSC procoagulant activity (PCA) linked to the expression of tissue factor (TF/CD142). This is the first study that demonstrated procoagulant activity of TF+ human immature dental pulp stromal cells (hIDPSC, NestaCell® product) with the percentage of TF+ cells varied from 0.2% to 63.9% in plasma of healthy donors and COVID-19 heparin-treated patients. Thrombogenic risk of TF+ hIDPSCs was evaluated by rotational thromboelastometry (in vitro) and in critically ill COVID-19 patients (clinical trial). We showed that the thromboelastography is not enough to predict the risk of TF+ MSC therapies. Using TF-negative HUVEC cells, we demonstrated that TF is not a unique factor responsible for the cell's procoagulant activity. However, heparin treatment minimizes MSC procoagulant (in vitro). We also showed that the intravenous infusion of hIDPSCs with prophylactic enoxaparin administration in moderate to critically ill COVID-19 patients did not change the values of D-dimer, neither in the PT and PTT times. Our COVID-19 clinical study measured and selected the therapeutic cells with low TF (less than 25% of TF+ hIDPSCs). Our data indicate that the concomitant administration of enoxaparin and low TF-loaded is safe even for critically ill COVID-19 patients.
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Differences in snake venom composition occur across all taxonomic levels and it has been argued that this variation represents an adaptation that has evolved to facilitate the capture and digestion of prey and evasion of predators. Bothrops atrox is a terrestrial pitviper that is distributed across the Amazon region, where it occupies different habitats. Using statistical analyses and functional assays that incorporate individual variation, we analyzed the individual venom variability in B. atrox snakes from four different habitats (forest, pasture, degraded area, and floodplain) in and around the Amazon River in Brazil. We observed venom differentiation between spatially distinct B. atrox individuals from the different habitats, with venom variation due to both common (high abundance) and rare (low abundance) proteins. Moreover, differences in the composition of the venoms resulted in individual variability in functionality and heterogeneity in the lethality to mammals and birds, particularly among the floodplain snakes. Taken together, the data obtained from individual venoms of B. atrox snakes, captured in different habitats from the Brazilian Amazon, support the hypothesis that the differential distribution of protein isoforms results in functional distinctiveness and the ability of snakes with different venoms to have variable toxic effects on different prey.
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The sensitivity of vertebrate citrated plasma to pro- and anticoagulant venom or toxins occurs on a microscale level (micrograms). Although it improves responses to agonists, recalcification triggers a relatively fast thrombin formation process in mammalian plasma. As it has a natural factor XII deficiency, the recalcification time (RT) of chicken plasma (CP) is comparatively long [= 1800 seconds (s)]. Our objective was to compare the ability of bee venom phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) to neutralize clot formation induced by an activator of coagulation (the aPTT clot) in recalcified human and chicken plasmas, through rotational thromboelastometry. The strategy used in this study was to find doses of bvPLA2 that were sufficient enough to prolong the clotting time (CT) of these activated plasmas to values within their normal RT range. The CT of CP was prolonged in a dose-dependent manner by bvPLA2, with 17 ± 2.8 ng (n = 6) being sufficient to displace the CT values of the activated samples to = 1800 s. Only amounts up to 380 ± 41 ng (n = 6) of bvPLA2 induced the same effect in activated human plasma samples. In conclusion, the high sensitivity of CP to agonists and rotational thromboelastometry could be useful. For example, during screening procedures for assaying the effects of toxins in several stages of the coagulation pathway, such as clot initiation, formation, stability, strength, or dissolution
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Thimet oligopeptidase (THOP1) is thought to be involved in neuropeptide metabolism, antigen presentation, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Herein, the generation of THOP1 C57BL/6 knockout mice (THOP1-/-) is described showing that they are viable, have estrus cycle, fertility, and a number of puppies per litter similar to C57BL/6 wild type mice (WT). In specific brain regions, THOP1-/- exhibit altered mRNA expression of proteasome beta5, serotonin 5HT2a receptor and dopamine D2 receptor, but not of neurolysin (NLN). Peptidomic analysis identifies differences in intracellular peptide ratios between THOP1-/- and WT mice, which may affect normal cellular functioning. In an experimental model of multiple sclerosis THOP1-/- mice present worse clinical behavior scores compared to WT mice, corroborating its possible involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. THOP1-/- mice also exhibit better survival and improved behavior in a sepsis model, but also a greater peripheral pain sensitivity measured in the hot plate test after bradykinin administration in the paw. THOP1-/- mice show depressive-like behavior, as well as attention and memory retention deficits. Altogether, these results reveal a role of THOP1 on specific behaviors, immune-stimulated neurodegeneration, and infection-induced inflammation.
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The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-met pathway, which mainly consists of HGF activator (HGFA) and its substrate HGF, protects various types of cells via anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory signals. Thrombin is the main physiological activator of such plasmatic pathway, and increased plasma concentrations of HGF have been considered as a molecular marker for some pathological conditions, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation. Since thrombin generation is often linked to tissue injury, and these events are common during snake venom-induced consumption coagulopathies (VICC), our goals were to examine whether Bothrops jararaca venom (Bjv), which induces VICC in vivo: (i) activates the HGF/c-met pathway in vivo and (ii) cleaves zymogen forms of HGFA and HGF (proHGFA and proHGF, respectively) in vitro. Two experimental groups (n = 6, each) of male adult Wistar rats were subcutaneously injected with 500?µL of 0.9% NaCl solution (control) or sub-lethal doses (1.6 mg/kg) of Bjv. Three hours after envenomation, whole blood samples were collected from the carotid arteries to evaluate relevant coagulation parameters using rotational thromboelastometry and fibrinogen level (colorimetric assay). Additionally, the plasma concentration of HGF was assayed (ELISA). Thromboelastometric assays showed that blood clotting and fibrin polymerization were severely impaired 3 h after Bjv injection. Total plasma HGF concentrations were almost 6-fold higher in the Bjv-injected group (410.0 ± 91) compared with control values (68 ± 18 pg/mL, p < 0.05). Western blotting assay showed that Bjv processed proHGFA and proHGF, generating bands resembling those generated by thrombin and kallikrein, respectively. In contrast to the serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF), the metalloprotease inhibitor ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2-EDTA) strongly reduced the ability of Bjv to process proHGFA and generated one active band similar to that of thrombin. Since Bjv contains prothrombin and factor X activators, increased intravascular thrombin formation might partly explain the increased HGF levels after bothropic envenomation. In conclusion, these findings suggest that snake venom metalloproteases may be determinant for elevation of plasma levels of HGF in rats experimentally envenomated with Bjv.
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The assessment of the capacity of antivenoms to neutralize the lethal activity of snake venoms still relies on traditional rodent in vivo lethality assay. ED50 and LD50 assays require large quantities of venoms and antivenoms, and besides leading to animal suffering. Therefore, in vitro tests should be introduced for assessing antivenom neutralizing capacity in intermediary steps of antivenom production. This task is facilitated when one key lethal toxin is identified. A good example is crotoxin, a P-neurotoxin phospholipase A(2)-like toxin that presents anticoagulant activity in vitro and is responsible for the lethality of venoms of Crotalus durissus snakes. By using rotational thromboelastometry, we reported recently one sensitive coagulation assay for assessing relative potency of the anti-bothropic serum in neutralizing procoagulant activity of Bothrops jararaca venom upon recalcified factor-XII-deficient chicken plasma samples (CPS). In this study, we stablished conditions for determining relative potency of four batches of the anti-crotalic serum (ACS) (antagonist) in inactivating crotoxin anticoagulant activity in CPS (target) simultaneously treated with one classical activator of coagulation (agonists). The correlation coefficient (r) between values related the ACS potency in inactivating both in vitro crotoxin anticoagulant activity and the in vivo lethality of whole venom (ED50) was 0.94 (p value < 0.05). In conclusion, slowness in spontaneous thrombin/fibrin generation even after recalcification elicit time lapse sufficient for elaboration of one dose-response curve to pro-or anti-coagulant agonists in CPS. We propose this methodology as an alternative and sensitive assay for assessing antivenom neutralizing ability in plasma of immunized horses as well as for in-process quality control.
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were developed based on proline-rich oligopeptides found in the venom of Bothrops jararaca (Bj) previously known as bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs). However, the exact mechanism of action of BPPs remains unclear. The role of the ACE in the cardiovascular effects of two of naturally proline-rich oligopeptides (Bj-BPP-7a and Bj-BPP-10c) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Bj-BPP-7a does not potentiate the cardiovascular response to bradykinin and is a weak inhibitor of ACE C and N sites (K(i) = 40,000 and 70,000 nM, respectively), whereas Bj-BPP-10c is a strong bradykinin potentiator and inhibitor of the ACE C site (K(i) = 0.5 versus 200 nM for N site). Strikingly, both peptides, in doses ranging from 0.47 to 71 nmol/kg, produced long-lasting reduction (>6 h) in the mean arterial pressure of conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (maximal change, 45 +/- 6 and 53 +/- 6 mm Hg for Bj-BPP-7a and Bj-BPP-10c, respectively). The fall in blood pressure was accompanied by variable degrees of bradycardia. In keeping with the absence of relationship between ACE-inhibitory and antihypertensive activities, no changes in the pressor effect of angiotensin I or in the hypotensive effect of bradykinin were observed at the peak of the cardiovascular effects of both peptides. Our results indicate that the antihypertensive effect of two Bj-BPPs containing the motif Ile-Pro-Pro is unrelated to their ability for inhibiting ACE or potentiating bradykinin (BK), indicating as a major component ACE and BK-independent mechanisms. These results are in line with previous observations suggesting ACE inhibition-independent mechanisms for angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor.
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Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/farmacología , Sistema Cardiovascular/efectos de los fármacos , Venenos de Crotálidos/química , Oligopéptidos/farmacología , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/metabolismo , Angiotensina I/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/química , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/metabolismo , Animales , Antihipertensivos/química , Antihipertensivos/metabolismo , Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Bothrops , Bradiquinina/farmacología , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Cobayas , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Íleon/efectos de los fármacos , Íleon/fisiología , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Oligopéptidos/química , Oligopéptidos/metabolismo , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/genética , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Cardiovascular function is affected by many mechanisms, including the autonomic system, the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the endothelin system. The function of these systems seems to be fairly well preserved throughout the vertebrate scale, but evolution required several adaptations. Snakes are particularly interesting for studies related to the cardiovascular function because of their elongated shape, their wide variation in size and length, and because they had to adapt to extremely different habitats and gravitational influences. To keep the normal cardiovascular control the snakes developed anatomical and functional adaptations and interesting structural peculiarities are found in their autonomic, KKS, RAS and endothelin systems. Our laboratory has characterized some biochemical, pharmacological and physiological properties of these systems in South American snakes. This review compares the components and function of these systems in snakes and other vertebrates, and focuses on differences found in snakes, related with receptor or ligand structure and/or function in autonomic system, RAS and KKS, absence of components in KKS and the intriguing identity between a venom and a plasma component in the endothelin system.
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Animales , Serpientes/anatomía & histología , Serpientes/crecimiento & desarrollo , Serpientes/fisiología , Serpientes/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Accidental skin contact with the Lonomia caterpillar bristles causes a severe hemorrhagic syndrome. While fibrinolytic activation is considered to be the main cause of hemorrhage in Lonomia achelous envenomation, a consumptive coagulopathy was found to be a major component involved in the bleeding complications observed in patients envenomed by contact with Lonomia obliqua. Although we have previously observed that in L. obliqua envenomations, fibrinolysis activation appeared to be secondary to coagulation system activation, there are no reports regarding the ability of L. obliqua venom to activate directly fibrinolytic pathways. We examined the action of L. obliqua crude bristles extract (LOCBE) on several fibrinolytic system components. We demonstrated that LOCBE degraded the A-alpha fibrinogen chain only at high concentrations and after long incubation times. Under these conditions, LOCBE also induced prolongation of the fibrinogen clotting time, but no clot lysis was observed before 24 h. LOCBE did not contain t-PA- or u-PA-like activities. Gel filtration and SDS-PAGE showed that LOCBE did not induce FXIII digestion. In addition, no FXIII activity inhibition was detected by dansylcadaverin method. FXIII levels remained unchanged when FXIII was measured in fibrinogen-depleted LOCBE-treated rat plasma, suggesting that the observed 50% FXIII reduction in rats was related to consumption. In conclusion, our results clearly demonstrated that LOCBE did not display either FXIII inhibition or degradation nor fibrinolytic activity. Furthermore, although proteolytic activity on Aalpha fibrinogen chain was observed, cross-linked fibrin was not affected by LOCBE.
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Venenos de Artrópodos/envenenamiento , Factor XIII/análisis , Factor XIII/metabolismo , Fibrinógeno/análisis , Fibrinógeno/metabolismo , Fibrinólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Mariposas Nocturnas/metabolismo , Animales , Venenos de Artrópodos/química , Tiempo de Sangría , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Factor XIII/química , Fibrinólisis/fisiología , ConejosRESUMEN
Estudou-se, em laboratório, o desenvolvimento de triatoma infestans alimentados em duas diferentes fontes sanguíneas. Foram formados dois grupos com ninfas recém-eclodidas: sendo alimentados em ratos (Grupo 1) e em sangue de ratos que receberam de veneno de Lonomia obliqua (inibidor da coagulaçäo sanguínea) (Grupo 2). Os insetos foram mantidos em estufa a 26 graus C mais ou menos 2 graus C com UR 60-80(por cento). As médias de duraçäo em dias do ciclo evolutivo foram maiores para o Grupo I nos estádios I, II, e III, entretanto no estádio V foi maior no Grupo 2. Ao comparar-se os dois grupos verificou-se que näo apresentaram diferenças significativas na duraçäo do ciclo evolutivo e no percentual de mortalidade, concluindo-se que a quantidade de veneno utilizada como anticoagulante parece näo alterar o ciclo evolutivo dessa espécie