RESUMEN

Pregnant women (PW) are at a higher risk of diseases and hospitalization from viral respiratory infections, particularly influenza and SARS-CoV-2, due to cardiopulmonary and immunological changes. This study assessed the impact of viral respiratory infections on PW hospitalized with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a cross-sectional study with 42 PW and 85 non-pregnant women (NPW) admitted with SARI to two tertiary hospitals between January 2015 and December 2019. The rates of virus prevalence, SARI hospitalization, length of hospital stay, oxygen supplementation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and death were comparable between PW and NPW. A multivariate analysis showed that PW had a higher rate of viral SARI hospitalizations (OR = 2.37; 95% CI = 1.02-5.48) as compared to NPW, with the influenza virus being the most prevalent (aOR = 7.58; 95% CI = 1.53-37.66). The length of hospital stays (aOR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.73-0.95) and admissions to the ICU (aOR = 0.028; 95% CI = 0.004-0.25) were lower in PW as compared to hospitalized NPW. The influenza virus had a greater impact on the frequency of SARI in the group of PW, and these had a better outcome than NPW due to the earlier antiviral treatment they received.

RESUMEN

We characterized 3 autochthonous dengue virus serotype 3 cases and 1 imported case from 2 states in the North and South Regions of Brazil, 15 years after Brazil's last outbreak involving this serotype. We also identified a new Asian lineage recently introduced into the Americas, raising concerns about future outbreaks.

Asunto(s)

Aedes , Virus del Dengue , Dengue , Humanos , Animales , Dengue/epidemiología , Virus del Dengue/genética , Serogrupo , Brasil/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades

RESUMEN

Dengue virus serotype 2, genotype Cosmopolitan (DENV-2-GII), is one of the most widespread DENV strains globally. In the USA, DENV-2 epidemics have been dominated by DENV-2 genotype Asian-American (DENV-2-GIII), and the first cases of DENV-2-GII were only described in 2019, in Peru, and in 2021 in Brazil. To gain new information about the circulation of DENV-2-GII in Brazil, we sequenced 237 DENV-2 confirmed cases sampled between March 2021 and March 2023 and revealed that DENV-2-GII is already present in all geographic regions of Brazil. The phylogeographic analysis inferred that DENV-2-GII was introduced at least four times in Brazil, between May 2020 and August 2022, generating multiple clades that spread throughout the country with different success. Despite multiple introductions of DENV-2-GII, analysis of the country-wide laboratory surveillance data showed that the Brazilian dengue epidemic in 2022 was dominated by DENV-1 in most states. We hypothesize that massive circulation of DENV-2-GIII in previous years in Brazil might have created a population immune barrier against symptomatic homotypic reinfections by DENV-2-GII, leading to sustained cryptic circulation in asymptomatic cases and localized outbreaks of this new genotype. In summary, our study stresses the importance of arboviral genomic surveillance to close monitoring and better understanding the potential impact of DENV-2-GII in the coming years.

RESUMEN

Phylogenetic analysis carried out in several Brazilian regions shows the circulation of the Asian and East-Central South African (ECSA) Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) genotypes in the country. Until now, there are no genetic studies about CHIKV strains circulating in the South region. In this study, we sequenced 5 new partial sequences of the CHIKV Envelope 1 gene from strains detected in Paraná state during the years 2016-2017. Maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining trees grouped all sequences in Brazilian branches within ECSA genotype and comparative analysis did not show E1-A226V mutation. However, we identified E1-K211T amino acid substitution in a sample demonstrating the dispersion of mutant strains in the country.

Asunto(s)

Fiebre Chikungunya , Virus Chikungunya , Brasil/epidemiología , Fiebre Chikungunya/epidemiología , Virus Chikungunya/genética , Brotes de Enfermedades , Genotipo , Humanos , Filogenia

RESUMEN

Phylogenetic studies with Zika virus (ZIKV) have been conducted in Brazil. In this study, we sequenced 8 new sequences of the ZIKV envelope (E) gene from strains of cases from the Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul states in 2016. A low phylogenetic signal was observed, with more than 40% of unresolved quartets, and the Maximum Likelihood Tree grouped all sequences in the Brazilian branches within the Asian genotype. In addition, a Shannon entropy analysis was conducted, showing a high stability in the E protein through the ZIKV polyprotein. Taken together, these results suggest a high degree of conservation in the ZIKV E gene from the recent American outbreaks.

Asunto(s)

Brotes de Enfermedades , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/genética , Infección por el Virus Zika/virología , Virus Zika/genética , Brasil/epidemiología , Genes Virales , Genoma Viral , Genotipo , Humanos , Envoltura Viral/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in humans has been associated with congenital malformations and other neurological disorders, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome. The mechanism(s) of ZIKV intrauterine transmission, the cell types involved, the most vulnerable period of pregnancy for severe outcomes from infection and other physiopathological aspects are not completely elucidated. In this study, we analyzed placental samples obtained at the time of delivery from a group of 24 women diagnosed with ZIKV infection during the first, second or third trimesters of pregnancy. Villous immaturity was the main histological finding in the placental tissues, although placentas without alterations were also frequently observed. Significant enhancement of the number of syncytial sprouts was observed in the placentas of women infected during the third trimester, indicating the development of placental abnormalities after ZIKV infection. Hyperplasia of Hofbauer cells (HCs) was also observed in these third-trimester placental tissues, and remarkably, HCs were the only ZIKV-positive fetal cells found in the placentas studied that persisted until birth, as revealed by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. Thirty-three percent of women infected during pregnancy delivered infants with congenital abnormalities, although no pattern correlating the gestational stage at infection, the IHC positivity of HCs in placental tissues and the presence of congenital malformations at birth was observed. Placental tissue analysis enabled us to confirm maternal ZIKV infection in cases where serum from the acute infection phase was not available, which reinforces the importance of this technique in identifying possible causal factors of birth defects. The results we observed in the samples from naturally infected pregnant women may contribute to the understanding of some aspects of the pathophysiology of ZIKV.

RESUMEN

Epidemiological indicators have shown the substantial impact of influenza B (Flu B) on the development of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and on mortality rates. In Brazil, the trivalent vaccine, composed of only one Flu B lineage is available. We investigated Flu B infections in clinical samples collected by the epidemiological surveillance service of Paraná State, Brazil, from 2013 to 2016. The Flu B lineages Yamagata- (B/Yam) and Victoria-like (B/Vic) were identified using the qRT-PCR assay, and notification forms were reviewed. Among 379 Flu B positive samples evaluated, 370 (98%) were characterized as B/Yam or B/Vic lineages. Both co-circulated with a frequency of 47% and 53%, respectively. B/Yam infected equally both genders, while B/Vic was more frequent in females (71%). The median age of patients infected by B/Vic (23y; 11-35) was lower than that of patients infected by B/Yam (32y; 12-50). Mismatch between the vaccine and the circulating strain was observed in the 2013 season, with a high number of SARI cases. B/Vic lineage was associated with a larger number of SARI cases (62%), while B/Yam with influenza-like illness (ILI) (61%). Differences were observed in the strains circulating in separate regions of Paraná State. B/Vic was prevalent in the northwestern (67%) and B/Yam in the southeastern region (60%). The unpredictability of Flu B lineage circulation causes a substantial increase in severe disease during epidemics in a vaccine mismatch season. In addition, the differences in the epidemiological profile of the target population of Flu B infections in relation to other respiratory viruses, as well as among the B/Vic and B/Yam lineages may also be associated to an increase in disease burden. These findings have direct consequences on vaccination strategies. Therefore, further molecular epidemiology studies of Flu B in Brazil are required to corroborate these primary results.

Asunto(s)

Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Inmunización/métodos , Virus de la Influenza B/genética , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Epidemias/prevención & control , Epidemias/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunización/estadística & datos numéricos , Virus de la Influenza B/inmunología , Virus de la Influenza B/aislamiento & purificación , Vacunas contra la Influenza/administración & dosificación , Vacunas contra la Influenza/inmunología , Gripe Humana/mortalidad , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Gripe Humana/virología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , ARN Viral/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Estaciones del Año , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

Several essential oil samples from dried flower-heads of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, grown and commercially available around Curitiba metropolitan area, South of Brazil, were analyzed by GC-MS and the chemical constituents were compared with an Egyptian sample obtained under similar conditions and used as a control. The local grown herbs showed levels of essential oil below the standards recommended by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. Also, differences in their composition as well as in the quantity of several components were found such as the unexpected inversion of the relative constitution of the A and B alpha-bisabolol oxides. Of particular interest was the striking effect of the chamomile extracts upon human leukocyte chemotaxis, a biological anti-inflammatory activity not reported before, in which cell migration was in vitro inhibited at the same level as showed by dexamethasone.

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Oleos essenciais extraídos de amostras de Chamomilla recutita (l.) Rauschert cultivadas e comercializadas na região metropolitana de Curitiba, sul do Brasil, foram analisadas por cromatografia com fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa e seus constituintes químicos comparados com uma amostra egípcia, usada como controle. A quantidade de óleo essencial obtida das amostras locais foi abaixo do padrão recomendado pela Farmacopéia Brasileira IV. Observou-se, também, diferenças na composição química desses óleos, assim como na quantidade relativa dos constituintes, como os óxidos A e B do alfa-bisabolol. De particular interesse foram os efeitos inibidores dos extratos de camomila sobre a quimiotaxia de leucócitos humanos induzida por caseína, efeito biológico descrito pela primeira vez e semelhante ao promovido pela dexametasona.