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This review explores the potential of zeolite-based nanoparticles in modern pharmaceutical research, focusing on their role in advanced drug delivery systems. Zeolites, integrated into polymeric materials, offer precise drug delivery capabilities due to their unique structural features, biocompatibility, and controllable properties. Additionally, zeolites demonstrate environmental remediation potential through ion exchange processes. Synthetic zeolites, with modified release mechanisms, possess distinctive optical and electronic properties, expanding their applications in various fields. The study details zeolites' significance across industrial and scientific domains, outlining synthesis methods and size control techniques. The review emphasizes successful encapsulation and functionalization strategies for drug delivery, highlighting their role in enhancing drug stability and enabling targeted delivery. Advanced characterization techniques contribute to a comprehensive understanding of zeolite-based drug delivery systems. Addressing potential carcinogenicity, the review discusses environmental impact and risk assessment, stressing the importance of safety considerations in nanoparticle research. In biomedical applications, zeolites play vital roles in antidiarrheal, antitumor, antibacterial, and MRI contrast agents. Clinical trials featuring zeolite-based interventions underscore zeolite's potential in addressing diverse medical challenges. In conclusion, zeolite-based nanoparticles emerge as promising tools for targeted drug delivery, showcasing diverse applications and therapeutic potentials. Despite challenges, their unique advantages position zeolites at the forefront of innovative drug delivery systems.

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United Nations General Assembly declared that 2023 will be celebrated as the International Year of Millets. Millets are a group of coarse grains from the Poaceae family that offer numerous benefits that align with various United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). This review explores diverse contributions of millet cultivation, consumption, and value addition with UN SDGs. The millets help in combating hunger by providing economical sources of essential nutrients and diversifying diets, improving health through mitigating malnutrition and diet-related diseases. Millet's lower water demand and resilience to climatic stress help in sustainable water management. Millets reduce the risks associated with monoculture farming and promote sustainable agricultural practices. Similarly, millet plants need few chemical fertilizers, and the ecological damage associated with these plants is minimized. Millets can prevent soil degradation and conserve biodiversity. They can adapt to diverse cropping systems and support sustainable land practices. Millet cultivation reduces inequalities by empowering smallholder farmers and maintaining economic balance. The cultivation and trading of millets promote partnerships among governments, NGOs, and businesses for sustainable development. The ability of millet to contribute to poverty reduction, hunger alleviation, health improvement, environmental sustainability, and economic development makes millet a sustainable choice for a better world.

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Aim: This study focuses on the development of a Caspofungin liposome for efficient ocular delivery by enhancing corneal penetration. Method: Quality by design (QbD) approach was adopted to identify critical factors that influence final liposomal formulation. The liposome developed using thin film hydration after optimization was subjected to characterization for physicochemical properties, irritation potential and corneal uptake. Results: The numerical optimization suggests an optimal formulation with a desirability value of 0.706, using CQAs as optimization goals with 95% prediction intervals. The optimized formulation showed no signs of irritation potential along with observation of significant corneal permeation. Conclusion: The liposomal formulation increased the permeability of Caspofungin, which could enhance the efficacy for the treatment of conditions, like fungal keratitis.

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The biotechnology field has witnessed rapid advancements, leading to the development of numerous proteins and peptides (PPs) for disease management. The production and isolation of bioactive milk peptides (BAPs) involve enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, followed by purification through various techniques such as ultrafiltration and chromatography. The nutraceutical potential of bioactive milk peptides has gained significant attention in nutritional research, as these peptides may regulate blood sugar levels, mitigate oxidative stress, improve cardiovascular health, gut health, bone health, and immune responses, and exhibit anticancer properties. However, to enhance BAP bioavailability, the encapsulation method can be used to offer protection against protease degradation and controlled release. This article provides insights into the composition, types, production, isolation, bioavailability, and health benefits of BAPs.

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A notable breakthrough in the treatment of colon cancer involves the utilisation of a cutting-edge drug delivery technology known as biosurfactant-derived nanomicelles. These nanomicelles, composed of natural biosurfactant molecules, possess the distinct capability to enclose pharmaceuticals or genetic material, such as DNA, siRNA, or mRNA, within spherical formations. With a size ranging from 10 to 100 nanometers, these nanomicelles exhibit precision targeting capabilities towards colon cancer cells, hence minimising the occurrence of side effects typically associated with treatment. Upon being specifically targeted, the nanomicelles liberate their cargo into cancer cells, resulting in enhanced therapy efficacy. This novel strategy utilises the specific attributes of the tumour microenvironment to administer precise and focused treatment. These nanomicelles improve the absorption by cells and reduce harm to healthy tissues by imitating important nutrients or utilising compounds that specifically target tumours. Furthermore, the incorporation of stimuli-responsive components allows for regulated medication release in reaction to the acidic environment seen in tumours. The review focuses on examining the use of biosurfactants and natural peptides in nanomicellar carriers as ways to fight against colon cancer. Folate-coated nanomicelles incorporating curcumin facilitate precise gene delivery, while the partnership of biosurfactants, such as surfactin from Bacillus subtilis and natural peptides, enables the transportation of particular cyclopeptides into the tumour network. Peptides, similar to bombesin, direct nanomicelles to specific places, while peptides based on curcumin control the release of medicinal substances. While preclinical investigations demonstrate promise, obstacles remain in formulation and regulatory issues. However, biosurfactant-based nanomicelles, particularly folate-coated carriers loaded with curcumin, show tremendous potential in overcoming biological barriers and delivering medicines efficiently to colon cancer cells.

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Intelligent Prescription Systems (IPS) represent a promising frontier in healthcare, offering the potential to optimize medication selection, dosing, and monitoring tailored to individual patient needs. This comprehensive review explores the current landscape of IPS, encompassing various technological approaches, applications, benefits, and challenges. IPS leverages advanced computational algorithms, machine learning techniques, and big data analytics to analyze patient-specific factors, such as medical history, genetic makeup, biomarkers, and lifestyle variables. By integrating this information with evidence-based guidelines, clinical decision support systems, and real-time patient data, IPS generates personalized treatment recommendations that enhance therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects and drug interactions. Key components of IPS include predictive modeling, Drug-Drug Interaction detection, adverse event prediction, dose optimization, and medication adherence monitoring. These systems offer clinicians invaluable decision-support tools to navigate the complexities of medication management, particularly in the context of polypharmacy and chronic disease management. While IPS holds immense promise for improving patient care and reducing healthcare costs, several challenges must be addressed. These include data privacy and security concerns, interoperability issues, integration with existing electronic health record systems, and clinician adoption barriers. Additionally, the regulatory landscape surrounding IPS requires clarification to ensure compliance with evolving healthcare regulations. Despite these challenges, the rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, data analytics, and digital health technologies are driving the continued evolution and adoption of IPS. As precision medicine gains momentum, IPS is poised to play a central role in revolutionizing medication management, ultimately leading to more effective, personalized, and patient-centric healthcare delivery.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an intricate metabolic disorder marked by persistent hyperglycemia, arising from disruptions in glucose metabolism, with two main forms, type 1 and type 2, involving distinct etiologies affecting ß-cell destruction or insulin levels and sensitivity. The islets of Langerhans, particularly ß-cells and α-cells, play a pivotal role in glucose regulation, and both DM types lead to severe complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Plant-derived anthocyanins, rich in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, show promise in mitigating DM-related complications, providing a potential avenue for prevention and treatment. Medicinal herbs, fruits, and vegetables, abundant in bioactive compounds like phenolics, offer diverse benefits, including glucose regulation and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-mutagenic, and neuroprotective properties. Anthocyanins, a subgroup of polyphenols, exhibit diverse isoforms and biosynthesis involving glycosylation, making them potential natural replacements for synthetic food colorants. Clinical trials demonstrate the efficacy and safety of anthocyanins in controlling glucose, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients, emphasizing their therapeutic potential. Preclinical studies revealed their multifaceted mechanisms, positioning anthocyanins as promising bioactive compounds for managing diabetes and its associated complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.

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This Review explores how tumor-associated regulatory cells (Tregs) affect cancer immunotherapy. It shows how Tregs play a role in keeping the immune system in check, how cancers grow, and how well immunotherapy work. Tregs use many ways to suppress the immune system, and these ways are affected by the tumor microenvironment (TME). New approaches to cancer therapy are showing promise, such as targeting Treg checkpoint receptors precisely and using Fc-engineered antibodies. It is important to tailor treatments to each patient's TME in order to provide personalized care. Understanding Treg biology is essential for creating effective cancer treatments and improving the long-term outcomes of immunotherapy.

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Effectively managing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) poses difficulties due to its persistent nature and unpredictable episodes of exacerbation. There is encouraging evidence that personalized medication delivery systems can improve therapy efficacy while reducing the negative effects of standard medicines. Zein, a protein produced from corn, has garnered interest as a possible means of delivering drugs for the treatment of IBD. This review delves into Zein-based drug delivery systems, showcasing its biodegradability, controlled release capabilities, and biocompatibility. Studies have shown that Zein-based nanoparticles, microcarriers, and core-shell microparticles have the capacity to increase medication stability, enhance targeting in the intestines, and decrease toxicity in animal models of IBD. The review highlights the promise of Zein in personalized therapy for IBD and urges more study to enhance its clinical use.

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Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic skeletal disease that is characterized by low bone mass and increased fracture risk. This article explores the potential of probiotics as an adjunctive approach for the prevention and management of OP. It has been well established that the gut microbiota (GM), a complex community of microbes, plays an important role in bone health. The gut dysbiosis is linked with a higher risk of OP. However, the consumption of probiotics in adequate amounts restores gut health thus improving bone health. Probiotics may influence bone metabolism through enhanced calcium absorption, reduced inflammation, and increased bone formation. The animal and human studies demonstrate the positive effects of probiotics on bone health parameters like reduced osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption markers, osteoblast, osteocyte apoptosis, and increased bone mineral density and expression of osteoprotegerin. The current evidence suggests that probiotics can be used as an adjunctive approach along with the existing therapies for the prevention and management of OP.

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BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a formidable public health obstacle across Africa, Southeast Asia, and portions of South America, exacerbated by resistance to antimalarial medications, such as artemisinin-based combinations. The combination of curcumin and artemisinin shows promise due to its potential for dose reduction, reduced toxicity, synergistic effects, and suitability for drug delivery improvement. OBJECTIVE: This research aims to enhance the solubility and dissolution rates of curcumin and artemisinin by employing Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs). Oral delivery of both drugs faces challenges due to their poor water solubility, inefficient absorption, and rapid metabolism and elimination. METHOD: The study focuses on formulating and optimizing Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) encapsulating artemisinin (ART) and curcumin (CUR). SLNs were developed using the hot homogenization method, incorporating ultrasonication. Drug-excipient compatibility was evaluated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Lipid and surfactant screening was performed to select suitable components. A 3² full factorial design was utilized to investigate the influence of lipid and surfactant concentrations on key parameters, such as entrapment efficiency (%EE) and cumulative drug release (%CDR). Additionally, evaluations of % entrapment efficiency, drug loading, particle size, zeta potential, and in-vitro drug release were conducted. RESULTS: Successful development of artemisinin and curcumin SLNs was achieved using a full factorial design, demonstrating controlled drug release and high entrapment efficiency. The optimized nanoparticles exhibited a size of 114.7nm, uniformity (PDI: 0.261), and a zeta potential of -9.24 mV. Artemisinin and curcumin showed %EE values of 79.1% and 74.5%, respectively, with cumulative drug release of 85.1% and 80.9%, respectively. The full factorial design indicated that increased lipid concentration improved %EE, while higher surfactant concentration enhanced drug release and %EE. Stability studies of the optimized batch revealed no alterations in physical or chemical characteristics. CONCLUSION: The study successfully developed Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) for artemisinin and curcumin, achieving controlled drug release, high entrapment efficiency, and desired particle size and uniformity. This advancement holds promise for enhancing drug delivery of herbal formulations.

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Skin cancer, a global burden for particularly white people, is classified as various histopathological types, including malignant melanoma, basal and squamous cell carcinoma, on the basis of affected different skin layers. Clinical adjuvant therapy (electro-chemotherapy, radio- and immuno therapy), surgical techniques (Cryosurgery, laser treatment, dermabrasion, Moh's micrographic surgery), photodynamic treatment and theranostic approaches are confined only for the treatment of serious health issues. Therefore, nanotechnology based approaches, especially nanoemulsion, a non-spontaneous, transparent or translucent, kinetically stable nanostructured (1-1000nm) colloidal dispersion (comprised of oil, water and surfactant/cosurfactant), are being popularised as a potential topical nanocarrier to deliver BCS class II and IV anti-neoplastic drugs attributing to its capacity for both active and passive tumor targeting in controlled or sustained manner and improving bioavailability via enhancing permeabilityretention effect with minimal adverse effects. Numerous research on nanoemulsion for the treatment of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer is only limited to preclinical stages as several physiological variables reduce the effectiveness of nanoemulsion via restricting topical penetration.

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Psoriasis, recognized as a chronic inflammatory skin disorder, disrupts immune system functionality. Global estimates by the World Psoriasis Day consortium indicate its impact on approximately 130 million people, constituting 4 to 5 percent of the worldwide population. Conventional drug delivery systems, mainly designed to alleviate psoriasis symptoms, fall short in achieving targeted action and optimal bioavailability due to inherent challenges such as the drug's brief half-life, instability, and a deficiency in ensuring both safety and efficacy. Liposomes, employed in drug delivery systems, emerge as highly promising carriers for augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of topically applied drugs. These small unilamellar vesicles demonstrate enhanced penetration capabilities, facilitating drug delivery through the stratum corneum layer of skin. This comprehensive review article illuminates diverse facets of liposomes as a promising drug delivery system to treat psoriasis. Addressing various aspects such as formulation strategies, encapsulation techniques, and targeted delivery, the review underscores the potential of liposomes in enhancing the efficacy and specificity of psoriasis treatments.

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Skin cancer is one of the most common and complex types of the disease, resulting in a high mortality rate worldwide. Skin cancer can be treated with chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, etc. In most cases, a patient's condition and the type of skin cancer determine the recommended treatment options. As a result of poor penetration of the drug into stratum corneum or lesions, low efficacy, and higher concentrations of active pharmaceutical ingredients required to achieve a therapeutic effect, the efficacy of skin cancer therapy has been limited. The high dose requirement, as well as poor bioavailability at the site of action, causes skin inflammation, which greatly hinders drug absorption. This review mainly focuses on research on nanocarriers for sitespecific and controlled delivery of therapeutics for skin cancer treatment. The information related to various nanocarriers systems for skin cancer will be illustrated. This also focused on patents, clinical trials, and research carried out in the field of liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, nanoparticles, microemulsion, nanoemulsions, gels, nanogels, hydrogels, dendrimers, and nanofibers for treating skin cancer. Nanotechnology-based therapy has shown great promise in controlling skin cancer and can be used to deliver drugs more effectively.

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To overcome the limits of traditional antibiotic medications, novel approaches are needed to combat the growing global epidemic of Multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections. As drug-resistant bacteria develop, the importance of innovative antimicrobial methods is underscored by antibiotic abuse and misuse. The global threat of MDR microorganisms is increasing, which calls for a coordinated global response. Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs) possess several characteristics that make them attractive choices for managing multidrug resistant (MDR) infections, as well as potential delivery systems for antimicrobial agents. Thus, LNPs improve drug solubility, stability, and targeted delivery, thereby mitigating the drawbacks of conventional antibiotic therapy. Several characteristics of LNPs, which stop MDR bacteria from developing resistance mechanisms, serve as guidelines for precision medicine. It presents a powerful approach for combating the growing concern of MDR bacteria by increasing Anti-Microbial Peptides (AMPs) bioavailability and targeting distribution to bacterial cells. LNPs have the potential to redefine antibacterial treatments for MDR illnesses in the context of this study. Further, it discusses LNP use in larger applications, such as fighting Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) and MDR. A complete understanding of the unique features, many uses, and importance of collaborative efforts to overcome the global challenge of antibiotic resistance are also conveyed in the study.

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The delivery of therapeutic agents faces significant hurdles posed by the endo-lysosomal pathway, a bottleneck that hampers clinical effectiveness. This comprehensive review addresses the urgent need to enhance cellular delivery mechanisms to overcome these obstacles. It focuses on the potential of smart nanomaterials, delving into their unique characteristics and mechanisms in detail. Special attention is given to their ability to strategically evade endosomal entrapment, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The manuscript thoroughly examines assays crucial for understanding endosomal escape and cellular uptake dynamics. By analyzing various assessment methods, we offer nuanced insights into these investigative approaches' multifaceted aspects. We meticulously analyze the use of smart nanocarriers, exploring diverse mechanisms such as pore formation, proton sponge effects, membrane destabilization, photochemical disruption, and the strategic use of endosomal escape agents. Each mechanism's effectiveness and potential application in mitigating endosomal entrapment are scrutinized. This paper provides a critical overview of the current landscape, emphasizing the need for advanced delivery systems to navigate the complexities of cellular uptake. Importantly, it underscores the transformative role of smart nanomaterials in revolutionizing cellular delivery strategies, leading to a paradigm shift towards improved therapeutic outcomes.

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Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) emerged as a primary treatment for type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), however, their multifaceted effects on various target organs beyond glycemic control opened a new era of treatment. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using databases including Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library to identify clinical, in-vivo, and in-vitro studies focusing on the diverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. Eligible studies were selected based on their relevance to the varied roles of GLP-1RAs in T2DM management and their impact on other physiological functions. Numerous studies have reported the efficacy of GLP-1RAs in improving outcomes in T2DM, with demonstrated benefits including glucose-dependent insulinotropic actions, modulation of insulin signaling pathways, and reductions in glycemic excursions. Additionally, GLP-1 receptors are expressed in various tissues and organs, suggesting their widespread physiological functions beyond glycemic control potentially include neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and metabolic benefits. However, further scientific studies are still underway to maximize the benefits of GLP-1RAs and to discover additional roles in improving health benefits. This article sought to review not only the actions of GLP1RAs in the treatment of T2DM but also explore its effects on potential targets in other disorders.

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Biogenic metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and various applications in different fields. NPs, including gold, silver, zinc oxide, copper, titanium, and magnesium oxide NPs, have attracted considerable interest. Green synthesis approaches, utilizing natural products, offer advantages such as sustainability and environmental friendliness. The theranostics applications of these NPs hold immense significance in the fields of medicine and diagnostics. The review explores intricate cellular uptake pathways, internalization dynamics, reactive oxygen species generation, and ensuing inflammatory responses, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms governing their behaviour at a molecular level. Intriguingly, biogenic metallic NPs exhibit a wide array of applications in medicine, including but not limited to anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-plasmodial, antiviral properties and radical scavenging efficacy. Their potential in personalized medicine stands out, with a focus on tailoring treatments to individual patients based on these NPs' unique attributes and targeted delivery capabilities. The article culminates in emphasizing the role of biogenic metallic NPs in shaping the landscape of personalized medicine. Harnessing their unique properties for tailored therapeutics, diagnostics and targeted interventions, these NPs pave the way for a paradigm shift in healthcare, promising enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse effects.

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Konjac glucomannan (KG) is a dietary fiber hydrocolloid derived from Amorphophallus konjac tubers and is widely utilized as a food additive and dietary supplement. As a health-conscious choice, purified KG, along with konjac flour and KG-infused diets, have gained widespread acceptance in Asian and European markets. An overview of the chemical composition and structure of KG is given in this review, along with thorough explanations of the processes used in its extraction, production, and purification. KG has been shown to promote health by reducing glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and blood pressure, thereby offering significant weight loss advantages. Furthermore, this review delves into the extensive health benefits and pharmaceutical applications of KG and its derivatives, emphasizing its prebiotic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. This study highlights how these natural polysaccharides can positively influence health, underscoring their potential in various biomedical applications.

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