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Background: Using an online questionnaire capturing the immediate economic and social effects of the Russia-Ukraine war. The study assesses the topics of more profound concern for university students and the variation of economic attitudes related to their socio-demographic variables. Methods: Three hundred eighty-five participants, between 18 and 22 years of age, 49% female, leads us to identify significant differences by sex and economic status related to the stock crash, inflation, corruption, and poverty perceptions. However, the effect size and sampling could be improved. Results: Kruskal-Wallis test confirms that the below-average economic status group feels more worried about higher inflation, while females tend to be more concerned about inflation, corruption, and poverty because of the conflict. Ordered logistic regression reveals that participants who express higher levels of concern regarding the impact of increased energy prices and poverty tend to exhibit greater overall worry. Conclusions: Even though convenience sampling imposes constraints to extrapolate the results broadly, the research constitutes a benchmark for similar studies among Latin American and Caribbean countries since economic expectations and economic knowledge from citizens, applied in their decisions, play an essential role in national development.
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Pobreza , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ecuador , Ucrania , Factores Socioeconómicos , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
As pandemias que enfrentamos podem ser um problema aparentemente novo para muitos, mas vários outros desastres de saúde pública já ocorreram em diferentes partes do mundo. A maioria das doenças infecciosas emergentes (60,3%) é causada por patógenos zoonóticos por meio da transmissão cruzada de espécies. No início da cadeia de transmissão zoonótica, a transmissão ocorre entre diferentes espécies animais; na segunda fase, a transmissão ocorre entre animais e humanos, até que a última fase do processo de transmissão ocorra entre humanos, levando a pandemias mundiais.1 Surpreendentemente, levando em consideração esse fato, Benatar et al. reconheceram, em 2007, que não se considerava que mudar a forma como os humanos tratam os animais, seja por não comê-los ou pelo menos por limitar radicalmente seu consumo, poderia ser a melhor forma de prevenir uma pandemia futura desconhecida.2
The pandemics we are facing may be an apparently new problem for many, but several other public health disasters have already occurred in different parts of the world. Most emerging infectious diseases (60.3%) are caused by zoonotic pathogens through the cross-transmission of species. In the beginning of the zoonotic transmission chain, transmission occurs between different animal species; in the second stage, transmission occurs between animals and humans, until the last stage of the transmission process takes place amonghumans, leading to worldwide pandemics.1Surprisingly, taking this factinto account, Benatar et al. recognized, in 2007, that mankinddid not consider that changing the way humans treat animals, either by noteating them or at least by radically limiting their consumption could be the best way to prevent an unknown future pandemics.2
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Humanos , Dieta Vegetariana , Salud Global , Pandemias/prevención & control , COVID-19 , Zoonosis , Alimentos de Origen AnimalRESUMEN
Aim: To evaluate an assay to detect minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, using as single model rifampicin, isoniazid, levofloxacin (LVX) and linezolid (LNZ) and in combination. Material & methods: MBCs were carried out directly from resazurin microtiter assay plate and 3D checkerboard in M. tuberculosis H37Rv and five resistant clinical isolates. Results: The proposed MBC assay showed similar values to those determined by MGIT™, used as control. LVX and LNZ's MBC values were close to their MIC values. LNZ or LVX combined with isoniazid and rifampicin showed MBC value reduced in 63.7% of the assays. Conclusion: The proposed assay to determine MBCs of drugs can be applied to the study of new compounds with anti-M. tuberculosis activity to detect their bactericidal effect and also in laboratory routine for clinical dose adjustment of drugs according to the patient's profile.
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Antituberculosos/farmacología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Tuberculosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Humanos , Isoniazida/farmacología , Levofloxacino/farmacología , Linezolid/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Rifampin/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Reduction of the dendritic arbor length and the lack of dendritic spines in the pyramidal cells of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are prevalent pathological features in schizophrenia (SZ). Neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion (NVHL) in male rats reproduces these neuronal characteristics and here we describe how this is a consequence of BDNF/TrkB pathway disruption. Moreover, COX-2 proinflammatory state, as well as Nrf-2 antioxidant impairment, triggers oxidative/nitrosative stress, which also contributes to dendritic spine impairments in the PFC. Interestingly, oxidative/nitrosative stress was also detected in the periphery of NVHL animals. Furthermore, risperidone treatment had a neurotrophic effect on the PFC and antioxidant effects on the brain and periphery of NVHL animals; these cellular effects were related to behavioral improvement. Our data highlight the link between brain development and immune response, as well as several other factors to understand mechanisms related to the pathophysiology of SZ.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in schizophrenia can be a consequence of morphological abnormalities and oxidative/nitrosative stress, among others. Here, we detailed how impaired plasticity-related pathways and oxidative/nitrosative stress are part of the dendritic spine pathology and their modulation by atypical antipsychotic risperidone treatment in rats with neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion. Moreover, we found that animals with neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion had oxidative/nitrosative stress in the brain as well as in the peripheral blood, an important issue for the translational approaches of this model. Then, risperidone restored plasticity and reduced oxidative/nitrosative stress of prefrontal cortex pyramidal cells, and ultimately improved the behavior of lesioned animals. Moreover, risperidone had differential effects than the brain on peripheral blood oxidative/nitrosative stress.
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Antipsicóticos/uso terapéutico , Atrofia/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipocampo/patología , Estrés Nitrosativo/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza Prefrontal/patología , Risperidona/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antipsicóticos/farmacología , Atrofia/metabolismo , Atrofia/patología , Espinas Dendríticas/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Corteza Prefrontal/metabolismo , Ratas , Risperidona/farmacologíaRESUMEN
A parada cardiorrespiratória é um evento de alta mortalidade. A isquemia cerebral difusa relacionada ao hipofluxo cerebral frequentemente leva à injúria neurológica grave e ao desenvolvimento de estado vegetativo persistente. A hipotermia terapêutica representa um importante avanço no tratamento da encefalopatia anóxica pós-parada cardíaca. Seus efeitos neuroprotetores têm sido amplamente demonstrados em várias situações de isquemia neuronal. Apesar de ser um procedimento associado com redução de mortalidade nestes pacientes, a hipotermia ainda é um tratamento subutilizado no manejo da síndrome pós-ressuscitação. Nosso objetivo foi demonstrar que a hipotermia neuroprotetora tem efeito benéfico mesmo realizada tardiamente naqueles pacientes comprovadamente encefalopatas como consequência de baixo fluxo cerebral devido à parada cardiorrespiratória que mantém um nível neurológico baixo (Glasgow abaixo de 8). Este fato é demonstrado pelo não uso de substâncias neurodepressoras nas últimas 48 horas, e o ganho para o paciente seria maior que os prováveis riscos que a hipotermia pode ocasionar. Este relato mostra os efeitos benéficos no paciente submetido ao tratamento da hipotermia neuroprotetora tardiamente, evoluindo satisfatoriamente, visto que foi devolvido à sociedade em Glasgow 14 e com independência suficiente para atender suas necessidades humanas básicas. Era um paciente do sexo masculino, 25 anos, pardo, solteiro, imigrante ilegal oriundo da Bolívia, auxiliar de costura, com história de mal súbito enquanto praticava futebol com amigos em quadra ao ar livre. Deu entrada no pronto-socorro em parada cardiorrespiratória por taquicardia ventricular. Foram realizadas manobras de reanimação com cardioversão elétrica e massagem cardíaca e não houve relato do tempo de parada cardíaca. Foi transferido para a unidade de terapia intensiva adulto com hipótese diagnóstica de encefalopatia anóxica pós-parada cardiorrespiratória sem uso de drogas vasoativas em Glasgow 6.(AU)
Cardiac arrest is a high-mortality event. Brain hypoflow-related diffuse cerebral ischemia often leads to severe neurological injury, and to the development of a persistent vegetative state. Therapeutic hypothermia is an important advance in the treatment of anoxic encephalopathy after cardiac arrest. Its neuroprotective effects have been widely demonstrated in several situations of neuronal ischemia. Although the procedure is associated with reduced mortality, hypothermia is still an underused treatment in the management of post-resuscitation syndrome. Our goal was to demonstrate that neuroprotective hypothermia is effective even when performed late in patients with encephalopathies from brain hypoflow due to cardiac arrest with a low neurological level (Glasgow below 8). This is demonstrated by the lack of neurodepressant substances in the previous 48 hours, and patient benefit would be higher than the probable risks that hypothermia could cause. This report shows the beneficial effects in the patient undergoing delayed neuroprotective hypothermia, who progressed satisfactorily, since taken back to Glasgow 13 with sufficient independence to meet basic human needs. The patient was a male of 25 years old, dark-skinned, single, an illegal immigrant from Bolivia, sewing assistant, with a history of sudden cardiac arrest, which occured while playing soccer outdoors. He was admitted to the emergency room in cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) due to ventricular tachycardia. Resuscitation maneuvers with electrical cardioversion and cardiac massage were performed, and there is no reported time of cardiac arrest. He was transferred to the Adult Intensive Care Unit with a diagnosis hypothesis of anoxic encephalopathy after cardiac arrest, with no use of vasoactive drugs in Glasgow 6.(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar/métodos , Escala de Consecuencias de Glasgow , Paro Cardíaco/complicaciones , Hipotermia Inducida/métodos , Hipoxia-Isquemia Encefálica/complicacionesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: University students represent a social group at risk, from the nutrionally point of view because they usually have inappropiate nutritional habits and lifestyle. OBJECTIVE: Analize the students' lifestyle from the Campus of University of Granada in Melilla. Analize the evolution of the eating habits of these students during the academic year 2013-2014. METHODS: A longitudinal study was carried out during the academic year 2013-2014, the lifestyle was evaluated and, in a ongoing way, the eating habits in a representative sample of 257 students, 90 men (35%) and 167 women (65%), all of them from the campus of University of Granada in Melilla. RESULTS: The results get worst as the academic year progresses and they are characterized by a significant reduction (p < 0.001) of carbohydrates intake as well as a significant increase (p < 0.001) of the lipido and proteína intake, especially, rich in saturated fat and a low-fiber diet. CONCLUSIONS: The population studied shows a sedentary lifestyle. As the academic year progresses, the students' eating habits get worst distance from the Mediterranian Diet pattern with the consequent risk at the development of cardiovascular diseases and metabolism disorder. So, it is necesary to get into these results in order to identify the influential factors in their eating habits and take the appropiate actions.
Introducción: los estudiantes universitarios representan un colectivo social en riesgo desde el punto de vista nutricional, ya que a menudo mantienen estilos de vida y hábitos nutricionales inapropiados. Objetivos: analizar el estilo de vida de los alumnos del Campus de la Universidad de Granada en Melilla. Analizar la evolución de los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiantes del campus durante el curso académico 2013-2014. Material y método: se realizó un estudio longitudinal durante el curso académico 2013-2014 en el cual, a su inicio, se evaluó el estilo de vida y, de forma continuada los hábitos nutricionales de un grupo representativo de 257 estudiantes, 90 chicos (35%) y 167 chicas (65%), todos ellos del campus de la Universidad de Granada en la Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla (norte de África). Resultados: los hábitos nutricionales empeoran a medida que avanza el curso académico, caracterizándose por una reducción significativa (p < 0.001) en la ingesta de carbohidratos, así como por una elevación significativa (p < 0.001) en la ingesta proteica y lipídica, siendo especialmente rica en grasas saturadas y baja en fibra. Conclusiones: la población estudiada posee un estilo de vida eminentemente sedentario. A medida que avanza el curso académico, los hábitos nutricionales de los estudiantes empeoran, alejándose del patrón de alimentación mediterráneo con el consiguiente riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades metabólicas y cardiovasculares. De estos resultados se desprende la necesidad de continuar profundizando a fin de identificar los factores que influyen en sus hábitos nutricionales y establecer las medidas correctoras oportunas.
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Dieta , Estilo de Vida , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Factores Socioeconómicos , España , Universidades , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar retrospectivamente o significado de intersecção de dois fenômenos sociomodernos. Em primeiro lugar, a epidemia de HIV/AIDS (vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/ Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida), com suas características históricas pouco usuais e alta letalidade; e, por sua vez, a intrusão de leis de propriedade intelectual na sociedade, como o Acordo Trips (Trade Related Intellectual Property Subjects), com amplas repercurssões sobre a saúde pública, sendo aqui tratados especificamente os casos de Brasil e México. Ambos os países modificaram suas leis de propriedade intelectual (LPI), para implementar o Acordo Trips (e, no caso do México, tambémo Nafta)nas últimas duas décadas, levando a patamares mais elevados de proteção de propriedade intelectual no México, quando comparado ao Brasil. Essas mudanças, porém, podem ter contribuído, no caso do México, para um menor rendimento e eficácia de seu programa de combate à epidemia de AIDS/HIV já que, para dar uma cobertura mais adequada de tratamento com medicamentos antirretrovirais (ARVs) a sua população, teve que enfrentar maiores dificuldades para sua aquisição. No substrato dos fatores de natureza econômica e política, dentre eles a maior ou menor magnitude da influência política dos Estados Unidos e interesses econômicos de suas empresas transnacionais sobre ambos os países.
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Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida , Antirretrovirales , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos , Industria Farmacéutica , VIH , Propiedad Intelectual , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Salud Pública , Derechos del Paciente , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
In this review, we present the contributions to nutrition science from Latin American native peoples and scientists, appreciated from a historic point of view since pre-historic times to the modern age. Additionally, we present epidemiological and clinical studies on the area of plant-based diets and their relation with the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases conducted in recent decades, and we discuss challenges and perspectives regarding aspects of nutrition in the region.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Dieta Vegetariana/historia , Ingestión de Alimentos/etnología , Dieta Vegetariana/etnología , Historia Antigua , Humanos , América Latina/etnologíaRESUMEN
In this review, we present the contributions to nutrition science from Latin American native peoples and scientists, appreciated from a historic point of view since pre-historic times to the modern age. Additionally, we present epidemiological and clinical studies on the area of plant-based diets and their relation with the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases conducted in recent decades, and we discuss challenges and perspectives regarding aspects of nutrition in the region.
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Historia Antigua , Humanos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Dieta Vegetariana/historia , Ingestión de Alimentos/etnología , Dieta Vegetariana/etnología , América Latina/etnologíaRESUMEN
Intracellular signalling mediated by secreted Wnt proteins is essential for the establishment of cell fates and proper tissue patterning during embryo development and for the regulation of tissue homeostasis and stem cell function in adult tissues. Aberrant activation of Wnt signalling pathways has been directly linked to the genesis of different tumours. Here, the components and molecular mechanisms implicated in the transduction of Wnt signal, along with important results supporting a central role for this signalling pathway in stem cell function regulation and carcinogenesis will be briefl y reviewed.
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Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismo , Animales , Humanos , Modelos BiológicosRESUMEN
Hedgehog (Hh) is one of the most important signalling pathways. Together with the Wnt, TGF-Beta/BMP and Notch pathways, it is involved in both embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. This is because Hh plays a central role in the proliferative control and differentiation of both embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. In this way, an alteration in the Hh pathway, either by misexpression of components of that pathway or by changes in the expression of other cellular components that interfere with the Hh signalling system, may trigger the development of several types of cancer. This occurs because normal stem cells or their intermediaries toward differentiated mature cells are not part of the normal proliferative/ differentiation balance and begin to expand without control, triggering the generation of the so-called cancer stem cells. In this review, we will focus on the molecular aspects and the role of Hh signalling in normal tissues and in tumour development.
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Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Animales , Proteínas Hedgehog/antagonistas & inhibidores , HumanosRESUMEN
Cancer is a heritable disorder of somatic cells: environment and heredity are both important in the carcinogenic process. The primal force is the "two hits" of Knudson's hypothesis, which has proved true for many tumours, including renal cell carcinoma. Knudson et al. [1, 2] recognised that familial forms of cancer might hold the key to the identification of important regulatory elements known as tumour-suppressor genes. Their observations (i.e., that retinoblastoma tend to be multifocal in familial cases and unifocal in sporadic presentation) led them to propose a two-hit theory of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, Knudson postulated that patients with the familial form of the cancer would be born with one mutant allele and that all cells in that organ or tissue would be at risk, accounting for early onset and the multifocal nature of the disease. In contrast, sporadic tumours would develop only if a mutation occurred in both alleles within the same cell, and, as each event would be expected to occur with low frequency, most tumours would develop late in life and in a unifocal manner [3, 4]. The kidney is affected in a variety of inherited cancer syndromes. For most of them, both the oncogene/tumour-suppressor gene involved and the respective germline mutations have been identified. Each of the inherited syndromes predisposes to distinct types of renal carcinoma. Families with hereditary predisposition to cancer continue to provide a unique opportunity for the identification and characterisation of genes involved in carcinogenesis. A surprising number of genetic syndromes predispose to the development of renal cell carcinoma, and genes associated with five of these syndromes have been already identified: VHL, MET, FH, BHD and HRPT2. Few cancers have as many different types of genetic predisposition as renal cancer, although to date only a small proportion of renal cell cancers can be explained by genetic predisposition.
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Carcinoma de Células Renales/genética , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/genética , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Riñón/patología , Síndromes Neoplásicos Hereditarios/genética , Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras/genética , Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras/patología , Adenoma Cromófobo/genética , Adenoma Cromófobo/patología , Adenoma Oxifílico/genética , Adenoma Oxifílico/patología , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Carcinoma de Células Renales/patología , Linaje de la Célula , Transdiferenciación Celular , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/patología , Genes Supresores de Tumor , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/patología , Humanos , Glomérulos Renales/patología , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Mutación , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/fisiología , Síndromes Neoplásicos Hereditarios/patología , OncogenesRESUMEN
Cyclic imides such as succinimides, maleimides, glutarimides, phthalimides and their derivatives contain an imide ring and a general structure -CO-N(R)-CO- that confers hydrophobicity and neutral characteristic. A diversity of biological activities and pharmaceutical uses have been attributed to them, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antinociceptive, anticonvulsant, antitumor. In spite of these activities, much of their action mechanisms at molecular and cellular levels remain to be elucidated. We now show the effects of several related cyclic imides: maleimides (S2, S2.1, S2.2, S3), glutarimides (S4, S5, S6), 4-aminoantipyrine derivatives (L1, F1, AL1, F1.14, F1.2) and sulfonated succinimides (RO1, FA, FE, FD, MC, DMC) on isolated rat liver mitochondria, B16-F10 melanoma cell line, peritoneal macrophages and different bacterial streams. The effects on mitochondrial respiratory parameters, cell viability and antibacterial activity were also evaluated. The results indicated that S3, S5 and S6 caused an increased oxygen consumption in the presence of ADP (state III) or its absence (state IV), while all other compounds decreased those parameters at different degrees of inhibition. All the compounds decreased the respiratory control coefficient (RCC). Loss of cell viability of peritoneal macrophages and the B16-F10 cell line was observed, L1 and S2.1 being more effective. S1, S2, S3, L1 and F1 compounds showed antibacterial activity at experimental concentrations.
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Imidas/química , Imidas/toxicidad , Mitocondrias Hepáticas/efectos de los fármacos , Adenosina Difosfato/metabolismo , Ampirona/química , Ampirona/farmacología , Animales , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneales/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneales/patología , Maleimidas/química , Maleimidas/farmacología , Melanoma Experimental , Ratones , Mitocondrias Hepáticas/patología , Fosforilación Oxidativa/efectos de los fármacos , Consumo de Oxígeno/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia actualizada de sobrepeso y obesidad en un muestreo aleatorio, simple, estratificado y proporcional de pacientes entre 2 y 17 años de edad, que concurrieron al consultorio externo de Pediatría del Hospital Francés, desde mayo de 1999 hasta mayo de 2001. El número de obesos totales representó el 25,6 por ciento sobre un total de 959 niños y adolescentes evaluados. La edad de mayor prevalencia fue entre 6 a 8 años. Los pacientes fueron, en su mayoría, de clase media
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Humanos , Niño , Pesos y Medidas Corporales/estadística & datos numéricos , Obesidad/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , PediatríaRESUMEN
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia actualizada de sobrepeso y obesidad en un muestreo aleatorio, simple, estratificado y proporcional de pacientes entre 2 y 17 años de edad, que concurrieron al consultorio externo de Pediatría del Hospital Francés, desde mayo de 1999 hasta mayo de 2001. El número de obesos totales representó el 25,6 por ciento sobre un total de 959 niños y adolescentes evaluados. La edad de mayor prevalencia fue entre 6 a 8 años. Los pacientes fueron, en su mayoría, de clase media
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Humanos , Niño , Pesos y Medidas Corporales , Estudios Transversales , Obesidad , PediatríaRESUMEN
Tem sido afirmado que o vegetarianismo oferece um menor risco para diversas doenças incluindo cardiopatia coronária isquêmica (CCI), hipertensão sanguínea (HS), diabetes e câncer de mama e colo. Neste trabalho avaliamos a relação entre o tipo de dieta e fatores de risco de enfermidade cardiovascular (ECV). Comparamos a pressão sanguínea (PS), índice de massa corporal (IMC), níveis séricos de glicose, uréia, creatinina, ácido úrico, cálcio, potássio e hematócrito e exames de urina entre 3 grupos dietários de Peruanos adultos: Vegetarianos(Vs): não consumo de carne; Semivegetarianos(SVs): consumo de carne 1-2 vezes/semana; Omnívoros(Os): consumo diário de carne. Fase I: A PS e IMC foram medidas desde 105 Vs, 34 SVs, e 45 Os. Fase II: Parâmetros laboratoriais foram comparados entre 38 Vs, 15 SVs e 31 Os. Os principais resultados foram: 1) Não foi detectada diferença significativa em relação à Ps média entre os grupos: lll/70 para Vs, ll3/70 para SVs e ll5/70 mmHg para Os(p>0.05); 2) Somente 2.9 por cento de Vs foram confirmados como hipertensos comparados a 13.3 por cento nos Os (p<0.05); 3) Peso corporal médio e IMC foram menores para Vs (57.6 kg e 23.7) e SVs (58.4 kg e 23.7) que para Os (64.4 kg e 26.5) (p<0.05); 4) Colesterol sérico foi menor entre Vs (190 mg/dl) comparados com Os (213 mg/dl), porém a diferença não foi significativa (p=0.08); 5) Îndice médio CT/HDL foi menor para SVs e Vs (4.4 e 4.7 respectivamente) comparados aos Os (5.6) (p<0.05); 6) Índice médio de LDL/HDL foi menor para SVs e Vs (ambos 3.0) comparados aos Os (3.7) (p<0.05)