RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate frequency and experience in the use of menstrual cycle monitoring applications (apps) by Brazilian women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed through an online survey, announced in social media women's groups, among menstruating Brazilian women aged ≥18 years. The instrument collected sociodemographic, sexual, menstrual and technology usage data of all the women who agreed to participate. RESULTS: Of the 1160 participants, 71.2% used a menstrual cycle monitoring app. The principal motivation for using menstrual cycle apps was to track the menstrual cycle (94.3%), followed by pregnancy avoidance (49.5%). Users rated the apps with a mean 4.4 (standard deviation 0.65) stars out of five. There was a greater likelihood of using an app among women who used behavioural contraceptive methods (odds ratio [OR] 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2, 2.7; p = 0.01), barrier methods (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1, 2.5; p = 0.02) and copper- or silver/copper-bearing intrauterine devices (IUDs) (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.1, 3.5; p = 0.04) and a lower likelihood among women who used hormonal contraception (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3, 0.8; p = 0.00) and permanent contraception (OR 0.1; 95% CI 0.0, 0.4; p = 0.00). CONCLUSION: The use of menstrual cycle monitoring apps was quite widespread in the studied group. Satisfaction with app use was considered adequate. The use of menstrual cycle apps was associated with the use of behavioural contraceptive and barrier methods as well as IUDs.
Asunto(s)
Ciclo Menstrual , Menstruación , Aplicaciones Móviles/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Anticoncepción , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Dispositivos Intrauterinos , Ciclo Menstrual/fisiología , Menstruación/fisiología , EmbarazoRESUMEN
The Prenatal Care and Birth Humanization Program (PHPN) establishes a minimum number of procedures to be provided to all pregnant women during prenatal care. This study aimed to analyze the quality of prenatal care in Sergipe based on the PHPN recommendations. This is a cross-sectional study, with a descriptive and analytic approach, using survey data from the Birth in Sergipe research, conducted from June 2015 to April 2016 with 768 puerperae proportionally distributed among all state maternity hospitals (n = 11). Data were collected from face-to-face interviews and patients' prenatal care cards. The results showed a high coverage of prenatal care (99.3%; n =763), but little more than half of these women started their prenatal care within 16 weeks of gestation (57%; n =435), and 74.7% (n = 570) had six or more visits. We noted that 16.6% (n = 127) of pregnant women were at high risk for complications and almost half continued monitoring prenatal care with professional nurses. Around 61.3% were advised about the maternity care service of reference for delivery, and 29.4% sought more than one health service for childbirth. We concluded that there was a high prenatal care coverage in Sergipe, however, with issues concerning its adaptation to the PHPN.
O Programa de Humanização no Pré-natal e Nascimento (PHPN) estabelece um pacote mínimo de procedimentos a serem oferecidos a todas as gestantes durante o pré-natal. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a qualidade do pré-natal no estado de Sergipe a partir das recomendações do PHPN. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com abordagens descritiva e analítica, vinculado à pesquisa Nascer em Sergipe, realizada entre junho/2015 e abril/2016. Foram avaliadas 768 puérperas proporcionalmente distribuídas entre todas as maternidades do estado (n = 11). A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista face a face e visualização do cartão de pré-natal. Os resultados mostraram uma cobertura elevada da assistência pré-natal (99,3%; n = 763), porém pouco mais da metade destas mulheres iniciaram seu acompanhamento antes da 16ª semana gestacional (57%; n = 435) e 74,4% (n = 570) compareceram a seis ou mais consultas. Constatou-se que 16,6% (n = 127) das gestantes foram consideradas de alto risco e quase metade delas continuou o acompanhamento com profissionais enfermeiros. A orientação sobre a maternidade de referência para o parto foi referida por 61,3% e 29,4% procuraram mais de um serviço para a parturição. Concluiu-se que houve uma alta cobertura do pré-natal em Sergipe, porém com problemas relacionados à sua adequação ao PHPN.
Asunto(s)
Atención Prenatal/normas , Calidad de la Atención de Salud , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Programas de Gobierno , Humanos , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Embarazo , Atención Prenatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Resumo O Programa de Humanização no Pré-natal e Nascimento (PHPN) estabelece um pacote mínimo de procedimentos a serem oferecidos a todas as gestantes durante o pré-natal. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a qualidade do pré-natal no estado de Sergipe a partir das recomendações do PHPN. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com abordagens descritiva e analítica, vinculado à pesquisa Nascer em Sergipe, realizada entre junho/2015 e abril/2016. Foram avaliadas 768 puérperas proporcionalmente distribuídas entre todas as maternidades do estado (n = 11). A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista face a face e visualização do cartão de pré-natal. Os resultados mostraram uma cobertura elevada da assistência pré-natal (99,3%; n = 763), porém pouco mais da metade destas mulheres iniciaram seu acompanhamento antes da 16ª semana gestacional (57%; n = 435) e 74,4% (n = 570) compareceram a seis ou mais consultas. Constatou-se que 16,6% (n = 127) das gestantes foram consideradas de alto risco e quase metade delas continuou o acompanhamento com profissionais enfermeiros. A orientação sobre a maternidade de referência para o parto foi referida por 61,3% e 29,4% procuraram mais de um serviço para a parturição. Concluiu-se que houve uma alta cobertura do pré-natal em Sergipe, porém com problemas relacionados à sua adequação ao PHPN.
Abstract The Prenatal Care and Birth Humanization Program (PHPN) establishes a minimum number of procedures to be provided to all pregnant women during prenatal care. This study aimed to analyze the quality of prenatal care in Sergipe based on the PHPN recommendations. This is a cross-sectional study, with a descriptive and analytic approach, using survey data from the Birth in Sergipe research, conducted from June 2015 to April 2016 with 768 puerperae proportionally distributed among all state maternity hospitals (n = 11). Data were collected from face-to-face interviews and patients' prenatal care cards. The results showed a high coverage of prenatal care (99.3%; n =763), but little more than half of these women started their prenatal care within 16 weeks of gestation (57%; n =435), and 74.7% (n = 570) had six or more visits. We noted that 16.6% (n = 127) of pregnant women were at high risk for complications and almost half continued monitoring prenatal care with professional nurses. Around 61.3% were advised about the maternity care service of reference for delivery, and 29.4% sought more than one health service for childbirth. We concluded that there was a high prenatal care coverage in Sergipe, however, with issues concerning its adaptation to the PHPN.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Atención Prenatal/normas , Calidad de la Atención de Salud , Atención Prenatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil , Estudios Transversales , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Programas de GobiernoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the maternal characteristics and type of prenatal care associated with peregrination before childbirth among pregnant women in a northeastern Brazilian state. METHODS: Quantitative and transversal study, with descriptive and analytical approaches, part of the Nascer em Sergipe research held between June 2015 and April 2016. A total of 768 puerperal women proportionally distributed across all maternities of the state (n = 11) were evaluated. Data were collected in interviews and from prenatal records. The associations between antepartum peregrination and the exposure variables were described in absolute and relative frequencies, crude and adjusted odds ratios and their respective confidence intervals. RESULTS: Antepartum peregrination was reported by 29.4% (n = 226) of the interviewees, most of whom sought care in a single service before the current one (87.6%; n = 198). It should be noted that antepartum peregrination was less frequent among women aged ≥ 20 years old (OR = 0.50; 95%CI 0.34-0.71), with high education level (OR = 0.42; 95%CI 0.31-0.59) and a paid job (adjusted OR = 0.59; 95%CI 0.41-0.82), who had been instructed during prenatal care about the referral maternity for childbirth (adjusted OR = 0.88; 95%CI 0.42-0.92), and who used the private service to receive prenatal (adjusted OR = 0.44; 95%CI 0.18-0.86) or childbirth (adjusted OR = 0.96; 95%CI 0.66-0.98) care. No statistical evidence of associations between gestational characteristics and the occurrence of peregrination was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Antepartum peregrination suffers interference from the mother's socioeconomic characteristics, the type of prenatal care received and the source of funding for childbirth.
Asunto(s)
Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Servicios de Salud Materno-Infantil/provisión & distribución , Atención Prenatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Brasil , Estudios Transversales , Parto Obstétrico/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Equidad en Salud , Humanos , Servicios de Salud Materno-Infantil/estadística & datos numéricos , Embarazo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Endometrial tuberculosis is a rare diagnosis in the postmenopausal period, and it can mimic a carcinoma. The present article describes the case of a 54-year-old female patient with weight loss, abdominal pain, and ascites. An ultrasonography showed endometrial thickening, and a video hysteroscopy revealed a uterine cavity with formations with cotton aspect covering the entire endometrial surface and the tubal ostia. An anatomopathological evaluation diagnosed endometrial tuberculosis. The treatment was with a standardized therapeutic scheme (ethambutol, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin), and the patient evolved with clinical improvement and normal uterine cavity at hysteroscopy. Considering the lack of pathognomonic hysteroscopic findings of the disorder, it is important to disclose the images of the case.
A tuberculose endometrial é um diagnóstico raro na pós-menopausa e pode mimetizar um carcinoma. O presente artigo descreve o caso de uma paciente de 54 anos com perda de peso, dor abdominal e ascite. A ultrassonografia mostrou espessamento endometrial, e a histeroscopia por vídeo revelou uma cavidade uterina com formações que apresentavam aspecto de algodão cobrindo toda a superfície endometrial e os óstios tubários. Uma avaliação anatomopatológica diagnosticou tuberculose endometrial. O tratamento foi com esquema terapêutico padronizado (etambutol, isoniazida, pirazinamida e rifampicina), e a paciente evoluiu com melhora clínica e cavidade uterina normal na histeroscopia. Considerando a falta de achados histeroscópicos patognomônicos do distúrbio, é importante divulgar as imagens do caso.
Asunto(s)
Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Endometrio/patología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Tuberculosis de los Genitales Femeninos/patología , Útero/anomalías , Dolor Abdominal/microbiología , Ascitis/microbiología , Endometrio/diagnóstico por imagen , Endometrio/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , Histeroscopía , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resultado del Tratamiento , Tuberculosis de los Genitales Femeninos/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis de los Genitales Femeninos/tratamiento farmacológico , Ultrasonografía , Útero/diagnóstico por imagen , Pérdida de PesoRESUMEN
Abstract Endometrial tuberculosis is a rare diagnosis in the postmenopausal period, and it can mimic a carcinoma. The present article describes the case of a 54-year-old female patient with weight loss, abdominal pain, and ascites. An ultrasonography showed endometrial thickening, and a video hysteroscopy revealed a uterine cavity with formations with cotton aspect covering the entire endometrial surface and the tubal ostia. An anatomopathological evaluation diagnosed endometrial tuberculosis. The treatment was with a standardized therapeutic scheme (ethambutol, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin), and the patient evolved with clinical improvement and normal uterine cavity at hysteroscopy. Considering the lack of pathognomonic hysteroscopic findings of the disorder, it is important to disclose the images of the case.
Resumo A tuberculose endometrial é um diagnóstico raro na pós-menopausa e podemimetizar um carcinoma. O presente artigo descreve o caso de uma paciente de 54 anos com perda de peso, dor abdominal e ascite. A ultrassonografia mostrou espessamento endometrial, e a histeroscopia por vídeo revelou uma cavidade uterina com formações que apresentavam aspecto de algodão cobrindo toda a superfície endometrial e os óstios tubários. Uma avaliação anatomopatológica diagnosticou tuberculose endometrial. O tratamento foi com esquema terapêutico padronizado (etambutol, isoniazida, pirazinamida e rifampicina), e a paciente evoluiu com melhora clínica e cavidade uterina normal na histeroscopia. Considerando a falta de achados histeroscópicos patognomônicos do distúrbio, é importante divulgar as imagens do caso.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Tuberculosis de los Genitales Femeninos/tratamiento farmacológico , Endometrio/patología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Ascitis/microbiología , Tuberculosis de los Genitales Femeninos/diagnóstico , Útero/anomalías , Útero/diagnóstico por imagen , Pérdida de Peso , Dolor Abdominal/microbiología , Histeroscopía , Ultrasonografía , Resultado del Tratamiento , Endometrio/microbiología , Endometrio/diagnóstico por imagen , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the maternal characteristics and type of prenatal care associated with peregrination before childbirth among pregnant women in a northeastern Brazilian state. METHODS Quantitative and transversal study, with descriptive and analytical approaches, part of the Nascer em Sergipe research held between June 2015 and April 2016. A total of 768 puerperal women proportionally distributed across all maternities of the state (n = 11) were evaluated. Data were collected in interviews and from prenatal records. The associations between antepartum peregrination and the exposure variables were described in absolute and relative frequencies, crude and adjusted odds ratios and their respective confidence intervals. RESULTS Antepartum peregrination was reported by 29.4% (n = 226) of the interviewees, most of whom sought care in a single service before the current one (87.6%; n = 198). It should be noted that antepartum peregrination was less frequent among women aged ≥ 20 years old (OR = 0.50; 95%CI 0.34-0.71), with high education level (OR = 0.42; 95%CI 0.31-0.59) and a paid job (adjusted OR = 0.59; 95%CI 0.41-0.82), who had been instructed during prenatal care about the referral maternity for childbirth (adjusted OR = 0.88; 95%CI 0.42-0.92), and who used the private service to receive prenatal (adjusted OR = 0.44; 95%CI 0.18-0.86) or childbirth (adjusted OR = 0.96; 95%CI 0.66-0.98) care. No statistical evidence of associations between gestational characteristics and the occurrence of peregrination was observed. CONCLUSIONS Antepartum peregrination suffers interference from the mother's socioeconomic characteristics, the type of prenatal care received and the source of funding for childbirth.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar as características maternas e da assistência pré-natal associadas à peregrinação no anteparto entre gestantes de um estado do Nordeste brasileiro. MÉTODOS Estudo quantitativo e transversal, com abordagens descritiva e analítica, vinculado à pesquisa Nascer em Sergipe, realizada entre junho de 2015 e abril de 2016. Foram avaliadas 768 puérperas proporcionalmente distribuídas entre todas as maternidades do estado (n = 11). Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas e consultas aos cartões de pré-natal. As associações entre a peregrinação no anteparto e as variáveis de exposição foram descritas em frequências absoluta e relativa, razões de chances brutas e ajustadas e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança. RESULTADOS A peregrinação no anteparto foi referida por 29,4% (n = 226) das entrevistadas, a maioria das quais procurou atendimento em apenas um serviço antes do atual (87,6%; n = 198). Ressalta-se que a peregrinação no anteparto foi menos frequente entre as mulheres com idade ≥ 20 anos (OR = 0,50; IC95% 0,34-0,71), com alta escolaridade (OR = 0,42; IC95% 0,31-0,59), com trabalho remunerado (OR ajustada = 0,59; IC95% 0,41-0,82), orientadas durante o pré-natal sobre a maternidade de referência para o parto (OR ajustada = 0,88; IC95% 0,42-0,92) e que utilizaram o serviço privado para realização do pré-natal (OR ajustada = 0,44; IC95% 0,18-0,86) ou do parto (OR ajustada = 0,96; IC95% 0,66-0,98). Não foi observada evidência estatística de associação entre as características gestacionais e a ocorrência da peregrinação. CONCLUSÕES A peregrinação no anteparto sofre interferência das características socioeconômicas maternas, da assistência pré-natal e do tipo de financiamento para o parto.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Atención Prenatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Servicios de Salud Materno-Infantil/legislación & jurisprudencia , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Brasil , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Edad Gestacional , Equidad en Salud , Parto Obstétrico/estadística & datos numéricos , Servicios de Salud Materno-Infantil/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of mode of delivery on breastfeeding incentive practices and on neonatal and maternal short and long-term complications. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted between June 2015 and April 2016 with 768 puerperal women from 11 maternities in Sergipe, interviewed in the first 24 hours, 45-60 days and 6-8 months after delivery. Associations between breastfeeding incentive practices, neonatal and maternal, both short-term and late complications, and the exposure variables were evaluated by the relative risk (95%CI) and the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: The C-section newborns had less skin-to-skin contact immediately after delivery (intrapartum C-section: 0.18, 95%CI 0.1-0.31 and elective C-section: 0.36, 95%CI 0.27-0.47) and less breastfeeding within one hour of birth (intrapartum C-section: 0.43, 95%CI 0.29-0.63 and elective C-section: 0.44, 95%CI 0.33-0.59). Newborns from elective C-section were less frequently breastfed in the delivery room 0.42 (95%CI 0.2-0.88) and roomed-in less 0.85 (95%CI 0.77-0.95). Women submitted to intrapartum C-section had greater risk of early complications 1.3 (95%CI 1.04-1.64, p = 0.037) and sexual dysfunction 1.68 (95%CI 1.14-2.48, p = 0.027). The frequency of neonatal complications, urinary incontinence and depression according to the mode of delivery was similar. CONCLUSIONS: The C-section was negatively associated with breastfeeding incentive practices; in addition, C-section after labor increased the risk of early maternal complications and sexual dysfunction.
Asunto(s)
Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Cesárea/efectos adversos , Parto Obstétrico/efectos adversos , Parto Obstétrico/métodos , Complicaciones del Embarazo/etiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Cesárea/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Parto Obstétrico/estadística & datos numéricos , Depresión Posparto/epidemiología , Depresión Posparto/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Presentación en Trabajo de Parto , Periodo Posparto , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Resultado del Embarazo/epidemiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas/epidemiología , Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas/etiología , Incontinencia Urinaria/epidemiología , Incontinencia Urinaria/etiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of mode of delivery on breastfeeding incentive practices and on neonatal and maternal short and long-term complications. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted between June 2015 and April 2016 with 768 puerperal women from 11 maternities in Sergipe, interviewed in the first 24 hours, 45-60 days and 6-8 months after delivery. Associations between breastfeeding incentive practices, neonatal and maternal, both short-term and late complications, and the exposure variables were evaluated by the relative risk (95%CI) and the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: The C-section newborns had less skin-to-skin contact immediately after delivery (intrapartum C-section: 0.18, 95%CI 0.1-0.31 and elective C-section: 0.36, 95%CI 0.27-0.47) and less breastfeeding within one hour of birth (intrapartum C-section: 0.43, 95%CI 0.29-0.63 and elective C-section: 0.44, 95%CI 0.33-0.59). Newborns from elective C-section were less frequently breastfed in the delivery room 0.42 (95%CI 0.2-0.88) and roomed-in less 0.85 (95%CI 0.77-0.95). Women submitted to intrapartum C-section had greater risk of early complications 1.3 (95%CI 1.04-1.64, p = 0.037) and sexual dysfunction 1.68 (95%CI 1.14-2.48, p = 0.027). The frequency of neonatal complications, urinary incontinence and depression according to the mode of delivery was similar. CONCLUSIONS: The C-section was negatively associated with breastfeeding incentive practices; in addition, C-section after labor increased the risk of early maternal complications and sexual dysfunction.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Complicaciones del Embarazo/etiología , Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Cesárea/efectos adversos , Parto Obstétrico/efectos adversos , Parto Obstétrico/métodos , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas/etiología , Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas/epidemiología , Incontinencia Urinaria/etiología , Incontinencia Urinaria/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Resultado del Embarazo/epidemiología , Cesárea/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Medición de Riesgo , Depresión Posparto/etiología , Depresión Posparto/epidemiología , Parto Obstétrico/estadística & datos numéricos , Periodo Posparto , Presentación en Trabajo de PartoRESUMEN
Summary Objective: To describe practices and interventions used during labor and childbirth and factors associated with such practices in puerperae in the state of Sergipe. Method: A cross-sectional study with 768 postpartum women from 11 maternity hospitals interviewed 6 hours after delivery, and hospital records review. The associations between best practices and interventions used during labor and delivery with exposure variables were described using simple frequencies, percentages, crude and adjusted odds ratio (ORa) with the confidence interval. Results: Of the women in the study, 10.6% received food and 27.8% moved during labor; non-pharmacological methods for pain relief were performed in 26.1%; a partogram was filled in 39.4% of the charts; and an accompanying person was present in 40.6% of deliveries. Oxytocin, amniotomy and labor analgesia were used in 59.1%, 49.3% and 4.2% of women, respectively. Lithotomy position during childbirth was used in 95.2% of the cases, episiotomy in 43.9% and Kristeller maneuver in 31.7%. The variables most associated with cesarean section were private financing (ORa=4.27, 95CI 2.44-7.47), higher levels of education (ORa=4.54, 95CI 2.56-8.3) and high obstetric risk (ORa=1.9, 95CI 1.31-2.74). Women whose delivery was funded privately were more likely to have an accompanying person present (ORa=2.12, 95CI 1.18-3.79) and to undergo labor analgesia (ORa=4.96, 95CI 1.7-14.5). Conclusion: Best practices are poorly performed and unnecessary interventions are frequent. The factors most associated with c-section were private funding, greater length of education and high obstetric risk.
Resumo Objetivo: Descrever as práticas e intervenções utilizadas durante o trabalho de parto e o parto e fatores associados em puérperas do estado de Sergipe. Método: Estudo transversal com 768 puérperas das 11 maternidades do estado com entrevista após 6h do parto e dados do prontuário da puérpera e dos recém-nascidos. As associações entre as boas práticas e intervenções utilizadas durante o trabalho de parto e o parto com as variáveis de exposição foram descritas em frequências simples, percentuais, razões de chances brutas e ajustadas (ORa) com o intervalo de confiança. Resultados: Das mulheres estudadas, 10,6% receberam alimentos e 27,8% movimentaram-se durante o trabalho de parto; medidas não farmacológicas para alívio da dor foram realizadas em 26,1%; o partograma estava preenchido em 39,4% dos prontuários; o acompanhante esteve presente em 40,6% dos partos. O uso de ocitocina, amniotomia e analgesia ocorreram em 59,1%, 49,3% e 4,2% das mulheres, respectivamente. O parto ocorreu na posição de litotomia em 95,2% dos casos, houve episiotomia em 43,9% e manobra de Kristeller em 31,7%. Os fatores mais associados à cesariana foram ser usuárias do setor privado de saúde (ORa=4,27; 95CI 2,44-7,47), ter maior escolaridade (ORa=4,54; 95CI 2,56-8,3) e alto risco obstétrico (ORa=1,9; 95CI 1,31-2,74). Usuárias do setor privado tiveram maior presença do acompanhante (ORa=2,12; 95CI 1,18-3,79) e analgesia (ORa=4,96; 95CI 1,7-14,5). Conclusão: Boas práticas obstétricas são pouco utilizadas e intervenções desnecessárias são frequentes, e os fatores mais associados à cesariana foram ser usuária do setor privado de saúde, ter maior escolaridade e alto risco obstétrico.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Trabajo de Parto , Parto Obstétrico/estadística & datos numéricos , Parto , Atención Prenatal , Brasil , Oxitocina , Oportunidad Relativa , Cesárea/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Salud Materna , AnalgesiaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe practices and interventions used during labor and childbirth and factors associated with such practices in puerperae in the state of Sergipe. METHOD: A cross-sectional study with 768 postpartum women from 11 maternity hospitals interviewed 6 hours after delivery, and hospital records review. The associations between best practices and interventions used during labor and delivery with exposure variables were described using simple frequencies, percentages, crude and adjusted odds ratio (ORa) with the confidence interval. RESULTS: Of the women in the study, 10.6% received food and 27.8% moved during labor; non-pharmacological methods for pain relief were performed in 26.1%; a partogram was filled in 39.4% of the charts; and an accompanying person was present in 40.6% of deliveries. Oxytocin, amniotomy and labor analgesia were used in 59.1%, 49.3% and 4.2% of women, respectively. Lithotomy position during childbirth was used in 95.2% of the cases, episiotomy in 43.9% and Kristeller maneuver in 31.7%. The variables most associated with cesarean section were private financing (ORa=4.27, 95CI 2.44-7.47), higher levels of education (ORa=4.54, 95CI 2.56-8.3) and high obstetric risk (ORa=1.9, 95CI 1.31-2.74). Women whose delivery was funded privately were more likely to have an accompanying person present (ORa=2.12, 95CI 1.18-3.79) and to undergo labor analgesia (ORa=4.96, 95CI 1.7-14.5). CONCLUSION: Best practices are poorly performed and unnecessary interventions are frequent. The factors most associated with c-section were private funding, greater length of education and high obstetric risk.
Asunto(s)
Parto Obstétrico/estadística & datos numéricos , Trabajo de Parto , Parto , Adolescente , Adulto , Analgesia , Brasil , Cesárea/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Salud Materna , Oportunidad Relativa , Oxitocina , Embarazo , Atención Prenatal , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of pregnancy on female sexual function. METHODS: An analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted on 181 non-pregnant and 177 pregnant women aged 18 to 45 years. The study included premenopausal, sexually active women with a steady partner and excluded those taking antidepressants or with a diagnosis of depression. Eleven of these women (6.2%) were in the first trimester, 50 (28.2%), in the second trimester and 116 (65.5%), in the third trimester of pregnancy. The evaluation consisted of an interview in which the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was applied. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 16.0. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the mean FSFI values of pregnant and non-pregnant women. RESULTS: Sexual dysfunction was 40.4% among pregnant women and 23.3% among non-pregnant women, with a significant difference between the scores of the studied groups (p=0.01). The difference in the mean global FSFI values between the groups was also significant (p<0.0001). There were significant differences between pregnant and non-pregnant women regarding desire (p<0.0001), excitation (p=0.003), lubrication (p=0.02), orgasm (p=0.005) and satisfaction (p=0.03). The same was not observed regarding pain. CONCLUSION: We conclude that pregnancy negatively influences female sexual function, particularly the desire and excitement domains, revealing the importance of addressing the issue by professionals dealing with pregnant women.
Asunto(s)
Sexualidad/fisiología , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , EmbarazoRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Pesquisar o impacto da gestação na função sexual feminina. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo analítico, do tipo transversal, com 181 mulheres não gestantes e 177 gestantes. Foram incluídas mulheres com idade entre 18 e 45 anos, gestantes e não gestantes, na pré-menopausa, sexualmente ativas e com parceiro fixo e excluídas aquelas em uso de antidepressivos ou com diagnóstico de depressão. Dessas, 11 (6,2%) encontravam-se no primeiro trimestre; 50 (28,2%), no segundo e 116 (65,5%), no terceiro. A avaliação se deu por entrevista na qual foi aplicado o Índice de Função Sexual Feminina (IFSF). Os dados foram analisados através do programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 16.0. Para a comparação entre as médias do IFSF entre gestantes e não gestantes, utilizou-se o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: A disfunção sexual entre gestantes foi de 40,4% e entre não gestantes de 23,3%, sendo significativa a diferença entre os escores dos grupos estudados (p=0,01). Também foi significativa (p<0,0001) a diferença entre as médias globais do IFSF entre os grupos. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre gestantes e não gestantes no tocante aos escores dos domínios desejo (p<0,0001), excitação (p=0,003), lubrificação (p=0,02), orgasmo (p=0,005) e satisfação (p=0,03). O mesmo não foi observado no domínio dor. CONCLUSÃO: Diante dos resultados, concluímos que a gestação influencia negativamente a função sexual feminina, particularmente nos domínios desejo e excitação, revelando a importância da abordagem do tema pelos profissionais que lidam com gestantes.
PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of pregnancy on female sexual function. METHODS: An analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted on 181 non-pregnant and 177 pregnant women aged 18 to 45 years. The study included premenopausal, sexually active women with a steady partner and excluded those taking antidepressants or with a diagnosis of depression. Eleven of these women (6.2%) were in the first trimester, 50 (28.2%), in the second trimester and 116 (65.5%), in the third trimester of pregnancy. The evaluation consisted of an interview in which the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was applied. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 16.0. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the mean FSFI values of pregnant and non-pregnant women. RESULTS: Sexual dysfunction was 40.4% among pregnant women and 23.3% among non-pregnant women, with a significant difference between the scores of the studied groups (p=0.01). The difference in the mean global FSFI values between the groups was also significant (p<0.0001). There were significant differences between pregnant and non-pregnant women regarding desire (p<0.0001), excitation (p=0.003), lubrication (p=0.02), orgasm (p=0.005) and satisfaction (p=0.03). The same was not observed regarding pain. CONCLUSION: We conclude that pregnancy negatively influences female sexual function, particularly the desire and excitement domains, revealing the importance of addressing the issue by professionals dealing with pregnant women.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Sexualidad/fisiología , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To determine the main contraceptive methods adopted by users of the public and private health sectors in the city of Aracaju (SE), Brazil, with a secondary focus on orientations for their use and reasons for interruption. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 210 women, 110 from the public service and 100 from the private sector. The data were collected by applying a questionnaire to sexually active patients who agreed to sign a consent form. The software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0 was used for statistical analysis, with the x² test for categorical variables and the Student's t-test for independent samples. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of contraceptive use in this study was 83.3%. The main methods used in the public and private sectors, were the hormonal (41 and 24%, p=0.008) and permanent (20 and 26%, p=0.1) ones, respectively. The rate of condom use was 17.3% in the public sector and 12% in the private sector, with no significant difference (p=0.12). Medical orientation about the correct use of the method chosen and/or indicated was provided to 37.3% of users from the public sector and to 48% of users from the private sector. Discontinuation of the use of contraceptive methods was 14.5% in the public sector and 12.0% in the private sector, mainly because of side effects and the desire to become pregnant. CONCLUSIONS: The main contraceptive methods adopted by users of the public and private sectors were hormonal contraception and permanent contraception. It is important to highlights the low frequency of use of male condoms in the two groups studied.
Asunto(s)
Anticoncepción/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Sector Privado , Sector PúblicoRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Verificar os principais métodos anticoncepcionais adotados por mulheres usuárias dos setores público e privado de saúde no município de Aracaju (SE), com enfoque secundário para orientações de uso e razões para eventual interrupção destes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, no qual foram incluídas 210 mulheres, 110 atendidas no serviço público e 100, no privado. Os dados foram obtidos através de aplicação de questionário às pacientes com vida sexual ativa e que concordaram em assinar o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Para análise estatística utilizou-se o programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 15.0, aplicando-se os testes do 
, para variáveis categóricas, e t de Student, para amostras independentes. RESULTADOS: A prevalência global do uso de métodos anticoncepcionais neste estudo foi de 83,3 por cento. Os principais métodos utilizados em ambos os setores, respectivamente público e privado, foram os hormonais (41 e 24 por cento, p=0,008) e os definitivos (20 e 26 por cento, p=0,1). O uso de preservativo masculino apresentou frequência de 17,3 por cento para o setor público e 12 por cento para o setor privado, não havendo diferença significativa (p=0,12). Receberam orientação médica quanto ao uso correto do método escolhido e/ou indicado 37,3 por cento das usuárias do setor público e 48 por cento do setor privado, sendo a interrupção do uso de métodos anticoncepcionais de 14,5 por cento, no setor público e 12 por cento, no privado, principalmente devido a efeitos colaterais e pelo desejo de engravidar. CONCLUSÕES: Os principais métodos anticoncepcionais adotados pelas usuárias dos setores públicos e privados foram anticoncepcionais hormonais e contracepção definitiva. Vale frisar a baixa frequência de uso de preservativo masculino nos dois grupos estudados.
PURPOSE: To determine the main contraceptive methods adopted by users of the public and private health sectors in the city of Aracaju (SE), Brazil, with a secondary focus on orientations for their use and reasons for interruption. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 210 women, 110 from the public service and 100 from the private sector. The data were collected by applying a questionnaire to sexually active patients who agreed to sign a consent form. The software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0 was used for statistical analysis, with the test for categorical variables and the Student's t-test for independent samples. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of contraceptive use in this study was 83.3 percent. The main methods used in the public and private sectors, were the hormonal (41 and 24 percent, p=0.008) and permanent (20 and 26 percent, p=0.1) ones, respectively. The rate of condom use was 17.3 percent in the public sector and 12 percent in the private sector, with no significant difference (p=0.12). Medical orientation about the correct use of the method chosen and/or indicated was provided to 37.3 percent of users from the public sector and to 48 percent of users from the private sector. Discontinuation of the use of contraceptive methods was 14.5 percent in the public sector and 12.0 percent in the private sector, mainly because of side effects and the desire to become pregnant. CONCLUSIONS: The main contraceptive methods adopted by users of the public and private sectors were hormonal contraception and permanent contraception. It is important to highlights the low frequency of use of male condoms in the two groups studied.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Anticoncepción/estadística & datos numéricos , Anticoncepción , Estudios Transversales , Sector Privado , Sector PúblicoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To identify if there is a difference in the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and in the sexual domain scores between a group of women attended at a public service and a group attended at a private service, and to investigate if there is an association between sexual dysfunction, family income and educational status. METHODS: Transversal study including 201 sexually active women aged from 18 to 45 years, 90 of them from a public service and 111 from private services. We evaluated age, marital status, use of hormonal contraception, income and educational status, and all women were submitted to the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), an instrument for the evaluation of their sexuality. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 15.0, was used for statistical analysis. The chi(2) test was applied for categorical variables and the Student's t-test to independent samples. RESULTS: There was no significant difference regarding the prevalence of sexual dysfunction between groups (public versus private) (20 and 23.4%, p=0.5), or concerning the domain scores, desire (3.9+/-1.3 and 3.8+/-1.0, p=0.6), sexual arousal (4.5+/-0.8 and 4.4+/-0.9, p=0.5), lubrication (5.2+/-1.2 and 5.0+/-0.9, p=0.1), orgasm (5.0+/-1.2 and 4.9+/-1.1, p=0.5), satisfaction (5.2+/-1.2 and 5.1+/-1.0, p=0.9), and pain (5.3+/-1.1 and 5.2+/-1.0, p=0.8). Sexual dysfunction was detected in 28% of the women with income between two and four minimum wages, in 17.5% of those with an income of five wages or more, and in 14.3% among those with an income of one wage or less (p=0,1). The dysfunction occurred in 30.2% of women with elementary education, in 24.2% of those with high school education and in 13.4% of those with higher education (p=0.09). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in the prevalence of sexual dysfunction or in the sexual domain scores between groups, nor was there an association with income or education status.
Asunto(s)
Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Sector Privado , Sector Público , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Objetivo: verificar se há diferença na prevalência de disfunção sexual e nos escores dos domínios da função sexual entre um grupo de mulheres atendido no serviço público e outro atendido no privado, e apurar se há associação entre disfunção sexual e renda familiar e escolaridade. Métodos: estudo transversal no qual foram incluídas 201 mulheres sexualmente ativas, com idade de 18 a 45 anos, das quais 90 foram atendidas no serviço público e 111, no setor privado. Avaliaram-se idade, estado civil, uso de anticoncepção hormonal, renda e escolaridade, e todas as mulheres foram submetidas ao Índice da Função Sexual Feminina (IFSF), instrumento utilizado para avaliação da sexualidade. Para análise estatística, foi utilizado o programa SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) versão 15.0, aplicando-se o teste do χ2 para variáveis categóricas e o t de Student para amostras independentes. Resultados: a comparação entre os grupos (setor público versus setor privado) não mostrou diferença significativa na prevalência de disfunção sexual (20 e 23,4 por cento, p=0,5) nem nos escores dos domínios sexuais: desejo (3,9±1,3 e 3,8±1,0, p=0,6), excitação (4,5±0,8 e 4,4±0,9, p=0,5), lubrificação (5,2±1,2 e 5,0±0,9, p=0,1), orgasmo (5,0±1,2 e 4,9±1,1, p=0,5), satisfação (5,2±1,2 e 5,1±1,0, p=0,9), e dor (5,3±1,1 e 5,2±1,0, p=0,8). A disfunção sexual ocorreu em 28 por cento das mulheres com renda entre dois e quatro salários mínimos, 17,5 por cento daquelas com renda maior ou igual a cinco salários e em 14,3 por cento daquelas com renda menor ou igual a um salário (p=0,1). Em relação à escolaridade, a disfunção ocorreu em 30,2 por cento das mulheres com ensino fundamental, 24,2 por cento daquelas com ensino médio e 13,4 por cento e das mulheres com ensino superior (p=0,09). Conclusões: não se observou diferença significativa na prevalência de disfunção sexual e nos escores dos domínios sexuais entre os grupos, nem associação de disfunção sexual com renda ou escolaridade.
Purpose: to identify if there is a difference in the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and in the sexual domain scores between a group of women attended at a public service and a group attended at a private service, and to investigate if there is an association between sexual dysfunction, family income and educational status. Methods: transversal study including 201 sexually active women aged from 18 to 45 years, 90 of them from a public service and 111 from private services. We evaluated age, marital status, use of hormonal contraception, income and educational status, and all women were submitted to the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), an instrument for the evaluation of their sexuality. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 15.0, was used for statistical analysis. The χ2 test was applied for categorical variables and the Student's t-test to independent samples. Results: there was no significant difference regarding the prevalence of sexual dysfunction between groups (public versus private) (20 and 23.4 percent, p=0.5), or concerning the domain scores, desire (3.9±1.3 and 3.8±1.0, p=0.6), sexual arousal (4.5±0.8 and 4.4±0.9, p=0.5), lubrication (5.2±1.2 and 5.0±0.9, p=0.1), orgasm (5.0±1.2 and 4.9±1.1, p=0.5), satisfaction (5.2±1.2 and 5.1±1.0, p=0.9), and pain (5.3±1.1 and 5.2±1.0, p=0.8). Sexual dysfunction was detected in 28 percent of the women with income between two and four minimum wages, in 17.5 percent of those with an income of five wages or more, and in 14.3 percent among those with an income of one wage or less (p=0,1). The dysfunction occurred in 30.2 percent of women with elementary education, in 24.2 percent of those with high school education and in 13.4 percent of those with higher education (p=0.09). Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the prevalence of sexual dysfunction or in the sexual domain scores between groups, nor was there an association with income or education status.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Prevalencia , Sector Privado , Sector Público , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: avaliar as repercussões das cirurgias de correção de distopia genital sobre a função sexual feminina, bem como os resultados anatômicos pós-operatórios, e detectar possíveis correlações entre eles. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo realizado entre outubro de 2004 e setembro de 2006. Foram incluídas 43 mulheres sexualmente ativas com distopia genital com indicação de cirurgia de reconstrução do assoalho pélvico. No pré-operatório e três e seis meses após a cirurgia, as pacientes responderam ao questionário de avaliação do comportamento sexual e escalas analógicas para quantificação do grau de desejo, excitação e satisfação, além de se submeterem a exame físico para graduação da distopia genital. Para análise dos resultados, utilizaram-se os testes de simetria de Bowker, Wilcoxon, t de Student, chi2 e análise de variância (ANOVA), quando indicados, com limite de significância estatística de 5 por cento (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: as 43 mulheres completaram o seguimento de três e seis meses após a cirurgia, mas duas perderam os parceiros. Houve melhora significativa na qualificação da vida sexual (p=0,03). Dispareunia (25,6 por cento no pré-operatório versus 17,1 por cento no pós-operatório), incômodo (27,9 versus 0 por cento), embaraço (20,9 versus 0 por cento) e medo (2,3 versus 0 por cento) melhoraram de forma significativa (p<0,001). As escalas analógicas de desejo (5 versus 7, p=0,001), excitação (6 versus 8, p<0,001) e satisfação com a vida sexual (5 versus 7, p<0,001) também apresentaram melhora significativa. Houve melhora significativa entre os estádios clínicos do pré-operatório e seis meses após a cirurgia (p<0,001). Não houve correlação significativa entre as alterações nas dimensões vaginais e a mudança na função sexual. CONCLUSÕES: após cirurgias de reconstrução do assoalho pélvico, houve melhora significativa na qualificação da vida sexual e no estadiamento clínico das distopias. No entanto, não houve correlação entre estes indicadores.
PURPOSE: to identify the impact of pelvic reconstructive surgery on female sexual function, as well as the changes in vaginal anatomy, and to detect possible correlations between them. METHODS: a prospective, descriptive study, including 43 sexually active women with genital dystopy, undergoing surgery for pelvic organ prolapse, conducted between October 2004 and September 2006. The women completed the same multiple-choice questionnaire regarding sexual function, and analogic scales to quantify the degree of desire, arousal and satisfaction, and were clinically assessed using the pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) staging system, before the surgery and three and six months after it. Statistical analysis was performed through the Bowker test for symmetry, Wilcoxon test, Student t test, chi2 and analysis of variance (ANOVA) as appropriate, with statistical significance set at 5 percent (p<0.05). RESULTS: all 43 women completed the follow-up at three and six months after the surgery, but two of them lost their partners after the surgery. Quality of sexual life improved significantly (p=0.03). Symptoms such as dyspareunia (25.6 percent before versus 17.1 percent after surgery), discomfort (27.9 versus 0 percent), embarrassment (20.9 percent versus 0 percent) and fear (2.3 percent versus 0 percent) significantly improved (p<0.001). Analogical scales scores regarding desire (5 versus 7, p=0.001), arousal (6 versus 8, p<0.001) and satisfaction with sexual life (5 versus 7, p<0.001) also improved. There was a statistically significant improvement (p<0.001) of the POP-Q stages after the surgery. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between changes in vaginal dimensions and changes in sexual function. CONCLUSIONS: after pelvic reconstructive surgery, there was a significant improvement in the quality of sexual life and of the POP-Q stages. However, there was no correlation between them.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prolapso Uterino/cirugía , Conducta Sexual , Diafragma Pélvico/patología , Vagina/cirugíaRESUMEN
A obstrução infravesical feminina é considerada quando se está diante de contração do detrusor de adequada magnitude associada a baixo fluxo urinário. Sua real prevalência é desconhecida, podendo ter causas funcionais ou anatômicas. O diagnóstico é algo desafiador e deve se basear na anamnese e no exame físico detalhados, bem como na avaliação complementar. Apesar da existência de vários estudos tentando estabelecer níveis de corte, até o presente, não há consenso no tocante aos critérios diagnósticos da obstrução infravesical feminina. Vale ressaltar, no entanto, a grande importância da suspeita, inclusive em pacientes com sintomas de armazenamento, para que se institua terapêutica apropriada
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Cistoscopía , Anamnesis , Obstrucción del Cuello de la Vejiga Urinaria/diagnóstico , Obstrucción del Cuello de la Vejiga Urinaria/etiología , Examen Físico , UrodinámicaRESUMEN
Gestação cervical é uma condição rara, em que ocorre implantação do ovo no canal cervical distendendo-o à medida que cresce. Corresponde a menos de 1 por cento de todas as gestações ectópicas. A hemorragia indolor é sua característica clínica habitual e ao exame físico visualiza-se um colo hipertrófico e vascularizado, com tecido saindo pelo orifício externo do colo. Ultra-sonografia pode ser usada para complementar o diagnóstico, mostrando a presença do saco gestacional. Relatamos um caso de tratamento bem sucedido de gestação cervical viável de sete semanas. Morte fetal foi conseguida com uma injeção intra-amniótica única de metotrexato (25 mg) guiada por ultra-sonografia transvaginal. Metotrexato sistêmico em dose única intramuscular (50 mg/m²) foi associado. O tratamento conservador da gestação cervical com metotrexato foi efetivo e seguro.
Cervical pregnancy is a rare condition in which the egg is implanted in the cervical canal causing it to distend as the egg grows. Cervical pregnancy constitutes less than 1 percent of all ectopic pregnancies. Painless hemorrhage is a habitual clinical characteristic and on physical examination a very vascularized hypertrophic cervix is observed with a tissue surpassing the external orifice. Ultrasonography may be used as a complementary diagnostic tool to show directly the presence of a gestational sac. A successful management of a viable seven-week gestation cervical pregnancy is reported herein. Feticide was performed with a single intraamniotic methotrexate injection (25 mg) guided by transvaginal ultrasonography. Systemic methotrexate in a single dose intramuscular (50 mg/m²) was associated. The conservative management of cervical ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate was effective and safe.