RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Type I interferons (IFN-I) negatively regulate megakaryo/thrombopoiesis. However, expression of the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR) in the megakaryocytic lineage is poorly characterized. OBJECTIVES: To study the expression and functionality of IFNAR in the megakaryocytic lineage. METHODS AND RESULTS: Although IFNAR mRNA was found in every cell type studied, its protein expression showed differences between them. According to flow cytometry and immunofluorescence, IFNAR1 was observed in Meg-01, Dami, CD34+ cells and megakaryocytes, but not in proplatelets or platelets. Immunoblotting assays showed that IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 were highly expressed in all cell types, except in platelets where it was barely detectable. Regarding IFNAR1, 130- and 90-kDa bands were detected in Meg-01 and Dami, whereas 130- and 60-kDa bands were found in CD34+ cells and megakaryocytes. Activation of megakaryocytic IFNAR by IFN-ß induced pSTAT1/2 and upregulated the antiviral genes IRF7 and MXA. The latter response was completely suppressed by IFNAR blockade. In contrast, the low levels of IFNAR in platelets were not functional as pSTAT1/2, aggregation and P-selectin expression were not induced by IFN-I. In addition, megakaryocytes increased IFN-I transcript levels and produced IFN-ß upon stimulation with PolyI:C, a synthetic dsRNA that mimics viral infection. CONCLUSIONS: Early progenitors and mature megakaryocytes, but not platelets, express functional IFNAR and synthetize/release IFN-ß, revealing not only that megakaryo/thrombopoiesis regulation by IFN-I is associated with a specific interaction with its receptor, but also that megakaryocytes may play a role in the antiviral defense by being both IFN producers and responders.
Asunto(s)
Megacariocitos/metabolismo , Receptor de Interferón alfa y beta/fisiología , Western Blotting , Línea Celular , Linaje de la Célula , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Citometría de Flujo , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Megacariocitos/citología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate cell maturation and the platelet production capacity of the megakaryoblastic DAMI cell line, to characterize platelet-like particles produced and to investigate the mechanisms involved in their production. DAMI cell maturation was induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and thrombopoietin (TPO). Expression levels of GATA-1, Fli-1 and NF-E2 were evaluated using real-time PCR and western blot. Platelet-like particles were characterized by the presence of GPIb and GPIIb by flow cytometry, while the soluble fragment of GPIb, glycocalicin, was detected by enzyme immunoassay. Dense and alpha granules were evaluated by mepacrine staining and thrombospondin-1 detection, respectively, and by electron microscopy. Functional capacity of platelet-like particles was studied by measuring P-selectin membrane after thrombin stimulation by flow cytometry and actin polymerization using phalloidin-FITC by immunofluorescence. We found that stimulation of DAMI cells with high concentration of PMA and TPO induced the expression of transcription factors GATA-1 and Fli-1 followed by an increase in the isoform a of NF-E2. Mature DAMI cells give rise to extensions resembling proplatelets and later, produce platelet-like particles expressing GPIIb and GPIb on their surface and containing dense and alpha granules, which were confirmed by electron microscopy. Platelet functionality was demonstrated by the increase in P-selectin membrane expression after thrombin stimulation and by their ability to spread on fibrinogen matrices. DAMI cell line induced to differentiate into mature megakaryocytes is able to produce functional platelets providing a suitable model to study the mechanisms involved in platelet generation.
Asunto(s)
Plaquetas/citología , Megacariocitos/citología , Modelos Biológicos , Actinas/análisis , Plaquetas/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Gránulos Citoplasmáticos/ultraestructura , Citometría de Flujo , Factor de Transcripción GATA1/genética , Factor de Transcripción GATA1/metabolismo , Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Megacariocitos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/genética , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Subunidad p45 del Factor de Transcripción NF-E2/genética , Subunidad p45 del Factor de Transcripción NF-E2/metabolismo , Selectina-P/genética , Selectina-P/metabolismo , Recuento de Plaquetas , Glicoproteínas de Membrana Plaquetaria/genética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana Plaquetaria/metabolismo , Polimerizacion/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/genética , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/metabolismo , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/farmacología , Trombina/farmacología , Trombopoyetina/farmacología , Trombospondinas/genética , Trombospondinas/metabolismo , TransactivadoresRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although platelets are anucleated cells, they express several transcription factors that exert non-genomic functions, including the positive and negative regulation of platelet activation. NF-kappaB is a major transcriptional regulator of genes involved in survival, proliferation and inflammation. OBJECTIVE: Because platelets play a critical role not only in hemostasis, but also in inflammation and tumor progression, we evaluated the role of NF-kappaB in platelet physiology. RESULTS: Immunofluorescence, Western blotting and ELISA studies revealed that platelets express IkappaBalpha and NF-kappaB, and that stimulation with thrombin triggers IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation and the binding of platelet NF-kappaB p65 subunit to synthetic oligonucleotides containing the consensus sequence for NF-kappaB. Two specific unrelated inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation, BAY 11-7082 and Ro 106-9920, reduced PAC-1 and fibrinogen binding to integrin alpha(IIb)beta3 and restricted platelet spreading on immobilized fibrinogen. Both inhibitors impaired aggregation mediated by ADP, epinephrine, collagen or thrombin, but not arachidonic acid. ATP release, TXB2 formation, P-selectin expression, ERK phosphorylation and cPLA2 activity stimulated by thrombin were reduced in BAY 11-7082- or Ro 106-9920-treated platelets. Although bleeding time was not affected, ADP-induced platelet aggregation was impaired in mice treated with BAY 11-7082. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that NF-kappaB may be a novel mediator of platelet responses. The blockade of platelet function by NF-kappaB inhibitors might be relevant in those clinical situations where these drugs are being considered for anti-tumor and/or anti-inflammatory therapy.
Asunto(s)
FN-kappa B/antagonistas & inhibidores , FN-kappa B/fisiología , Activación Plaquetaria , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Fosfatasa 2 de Especificidad Dual , Fibrinógeno/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas I-kappa B/metabolismo , Ratones , Inhibidor NF-kappaB alfa , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Adhesividad Plaquetaria , Unión ProteicaRESUMEN
The present study investigated the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on megakaryocyte (Mk) proliferation induced by thrombopoietin (TPO). Low-density mononuclear cells (MNCs) and CD34+ cells from human bone marrow (BM) were cultured in liquid medium in the presence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or (Z)-1-[2-(aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl) amino] diazen-1-ium-1, 2-diolate (DETA/NO) and then stimulated with TPO. Mk number decreased in both NO donors, as identified by flow cytometry 11 to 13 days after TPO stimulation. Nitrite, cyanide, or the carrier molecule DETA failed to reproduce the inhibition caused by NO donors. When CD34+ cells were treated with DETA/NO, the inhibition of Mk growth was even more pronounced than that in MNCs. Failure of the guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) analog 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) to inhibit Mk proliferation suggests that cGMP is not involved in Mk suppression mediated by NO. On the other hand, DNA analysis by flow cytometry showed that apoptosis of CD34+ cells and Mks seemed to be at least one of the mechanisms associated with the cytotoxic DETA/NO effect. Stimulation of MNCs or CD34+ cells with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) increased endogenous NO levels and suppressed Mk growth. Treatment with NO synthesis inhibitors such as L -N(G)-monomethyl arginine (L -NMMA) or L -N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L -NAME) partially reversed Mk growth inhibition induced by TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, although increased NO levels returned to normal values. The results presented here strongly indicate that NO regulates the growth of Mks induced by TPO by a direct effect on both progenitors and mature Mks.
Asunto(s)
División Celular/fisiología , Megacariocitos/citología , Óxido Nítrico/fisiología , Trombopoyetina/farmacología , Antígenos CD34/inmunología , Apoptosis/fisiología , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Citometría de Flujo , Humanos , Megacariocitos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Severe consumption coagulopathy has been detected in rats after Lopap (a prothrombin activator from Lonomia obliqua caterpillar bristles) infusion and in humans after accidental contact with L. obliqua bristles. However, platelet count and antithrombin (AT) levels were only modestly affected, suggesting that a different form of blood coagulation activation may be involved in this hemorrhagic syndrome. Here we describe that Lopap had no effect on aggregation of washed human platelets induced by several agonists, suggesting that it might not impair platelet function in vivo. AT was able to inhibit the amidolytic activity of thrombin generated by incubation of Lopap with prothrombin in a purified system, which may be different from that generated by the prothrombinase complex in vivo. The surface expression of both ICAM-1 and E-selectin but not of VCAM-1 was upregulated by Lopap in cultured HUVEC, suggesting that it may behave differently from other mediators, such as thrombin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
Asunto(s)
Plaquetas/efectos de los fármacos , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Serina Endopeptidasas/farmacología , Animales , Venenos de Artrópodos/farmacología , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Endotelio Vascular/citología , Humanos , Cinética , Lepidópteros , Agregación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacos , Protrombina/efectos de los fármacos , Protrombina/metabolismo , Venas Umbilicales , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de von Willebrand/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de von Willebrand/metabolismoRESUMEN
Thrombopoietin (TPO) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) may be administered together in aplastic patients. We evaluated the effect of both cytokines alone or combined on platelets and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) functional responses. TPO, G-CSF, or the combination of both cytokines, induced neither platelet nor PMN activation. TPO but not G-CSF synergized with threshold ADP concentrations to induce maximal aggregation and ATP release. The synergistic effect of TPO with ADP was not modified by the presence of G-CSF. Flow cytometry studies have shown that thrombin-induced loss of GPIb from platelet surface was significantly increased by pretreatment of platelets with TPO, G-CSF, or both cytokines. P-selectin expression induced by thrombin was augmented by TPO, but not by G-CSF. Coincubation of the cells with TPO and G-CSF did not modify the values obtained with TPO alone. Expression of CD11b on PMN surface was augmented by G-CSF or fMLP. G-CSF-treated PMN increased the effect of fMLP on CD11b expression. TPO did not modify either basal levels of CD11b or the increased expression induced by G-CSF or fMLP. Incubation of PMN with both cytokines showed no differences compared to G-CSF alone. Platelet-PMN aggregates induced by thrombin in whole blood were augmented by TPO. G-CSF alone neither synergized with thrombin nor changed the results observed with TPO. These data show that in vitro functional responses of platelets, or PMN induced by TPO or G-CSF alone, were neither further increased nor inhibited by treatment of the cells with both cytokines.