RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Toxoplasma gondii is cause of a wide variety of infections in human. The aim of this study was; to evaluate the frequency of sero-positivity of the members in a family with a positive serologic person. METHODS: A case-control study with 170 enrolled units which was conducted in Iran in 2017. The units were settled into two group: I: the family members of seropositive individuals and II: the family members of seronegative individuals. The level of IgG and IgM anti-toxoplasma antibodies were evaluated by ELISA qualitative manner in both groups. RESULTS: Frequency of individuals with positive serology was 52.9% and 34.1% in group I and II, respectively (P value = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clusters of toxoplasma infection would be an event in the family members. Therefore evaluation of the family members (especially high risk persons) of a patient may be necessary.
Asunto(s)
Toxoplasmosis/sangre , Adulto , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/análisis , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Familia , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/análisis , Inmunoglobulina M/análisis , Irán/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasmosis/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis/transmisión , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Gastrointestinal colonization of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) could serve as a reservoir for the transmission of these pathogens in the clinical setting. The aim of this study was to investigate the intestinal carriage of CRE and to analyze risk factors for CRE carriage. Rectal swabs were collected from 95 patients at two Iranian university hospitals. CRE screening was performed using selective media (CHROMagar and MacConkey agar). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect carbapenemase-encoding genes. Clonal relatedness was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The rate of carriage of CRE in hospitalized patients was 37.9%. Overall, 54 CRE isolates were identified, of which 47 were carbapenemase-producers. All of the 54 CRE were detected using CHROMagar compared with 52 CRE detected using MacConkey agar. Fifteen patients were colonized by multiple CRE isolates. Three significant risk factors for CRE carriage were detected: intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization, antibiotic exposure, and mechanical ventilation. bla OXA-48 was the most frequent carbapenemase detected, followed by bla NDM-1 and bla NDM-7. Eleven carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) isolates co-harbored bla NDM-1 and bla OXA-48. Also, six CPE isolates co-harbored bla NDM-7 and bla OXA-48. We did not detect bla KPC, bla GES, bla IMP, or bla VIM. PFGE analysis showed that Escherichia coli clones were diverse, while Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were divided into four clusters. Cluster I was the major clone carrying bla OXA-48 and bla CTX-M-15 genes. In our study, the carriage rate of CRE was high and the emergence of CPE isolates among patients is alarming. The implementation of adequate preventive measures such as active surveillance is urgently needed to control the spread of CPE in the healthcare setting.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Enterobacteriaceae Resistentes a los Carbapenémicos/genética , Carbapenémicos/farmacología , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiología , Escherichia coli/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , beta-Lactamasas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/aislamiento & purificación , Estudios Transversales , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Hospitales Universitarios , Humanos , Irán/epidemiología , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/aislamiento & purificación , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , beta-Lactamasas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease with a high mortality rate in humans. The CCHF virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of Ixodid ticks or contact with blood or tissues of CCHF patients or infected livestock. In December 2008, a re-emerging outbreak of CCHF occurred in the southern part of Iran. Five people were hospitalised with sudden fever and haemorrhaging, and CCHF was confirmed by RT-PCR and serological assays. One of the cases had a fulminant course and died. Livestock was identified as the source of infection; all animals in the incriminated herd were serologically analysed and more than half of them were positive for CCHFV. We demonstrated that two routes of transmission played a role in this outbreak: contact with tissue and blood of infected livestock, and nosocomial transmission. Phylogenetic analyses helped to identify the origin of this transmission. This outbreak should be considered as a warning for the national CCHF surveillance system to avoid further outbreaks through robust prevention and control programmes.