RESUMEN
The axillary arch (AA) has been thoroughly studied and described as a supernumerary muscle, present unilaterally or bilaterally. This study aims to provide an in vivo demonstration of the influence of an AA on vascular, biometrical, and hemodynamic parameters. Two-hundred thirty-nine subjects with a mean age of 21.3 ± 2.7 years participated in this study. After visual screening by two independent experts, 20 subjects (8.4%) presented with an AA unilaterally (n = 12) or bilaterally (n = 8). An echo-Doppler examination of the vena and arteria axillaris was performed to measure blood flow, velocity of circulating elements, and blood vessel diameter in different positions of the arm (abduction: 45°, 90°, 90° combined with exorotation 'ER', 120°). The arteria axillaris parameters, measured in the test (n = 9; six women, three men) and control group (n = 11; six women, five men), were equivalent for all tested positions. The axillary vein parameters, compared to variations within the groups, revealed no significant differences. However, when comparing variation between groups, significant differences were found for (i) diameter in 90° abduction + ER and 120° abduction; (ii) velocity in 90° and 120° abduction. Blood flow demonstrated no significant difference between groups in any of the positions. The results of this study indicate that there is no functional vascular implication of the AA in the test samples. This study also questions the interpretation of some hypotheses regarding the AA and entrapment syndromes.
Asunto(s)
Axila/irrigación sanguínea , Músculo Esquelético/anomalías , Axila/anomalías , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Hemodinámica , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Eighty-nine MR examinations of the wrist were retrospectively analyzed. MRI results were compared with clinical findings and/or arthroscopy. Thin proton density and T2 weighted sequences and 3D DESS weighted sequences were applied on a 1.5T scanner. On the palmar side three radiocarpal ligaments are recognized including the radioscaphocapitate, radiolunotriquetral, radioscapholunate, and midcarpal triquetroscaphoidal ligaments. Ulnocarpal ligaments include the ulnolunate ligament and the ulnotriquetral ligament. On the dorsal side three ligaments are recognized: the dorsal radiolunotriquetral, and the midcarpal triquetroscaphoidal and triquetro-trapezoido-trapezial. The collateral ligaments include the radial and ulnar collateral ligament. MR is a valuable technique in the assessment of the extrinsic and midcarpal ligaments. Depiction of the extrinsic ligaments can best be accomplished with coronal 3D DESS sequences and sagittal and transverse proton density and T2 weighted sequences with thin slices.
Asunto(s)
Ligamentos/anatomía & histología , Articulación de la Muñeca/anatomía & histología , Muñeca/anatomía & histología , Artroscopía , Humanos , Ligamentos/cirugía , Protones , Valores de Referencia , Estadística como Asunto , Muñeca/cirugía , Articulación de la Muñeca/cirugíaRESUMEN
The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is made up of different components and spans the medial aspect of the knee. With injuries the superficial or deep and posterior components may be involved. A variety of conditions including MCL bursitis, medial osteoarthritis, medial cellulitis, medial bursitis, medial meniscal cyst, meniscocapsular separation, and retinacular tear may present with high signal surrounding the MCL fibers and simulate an MCL tear.
Asunto(s)
Traumatismos de la Rodilla/diagnóstico , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Ligamento Colateral Medial de la Rodilla/lesiones , Ligamento Colateral Medial de la Rodilla/patología , Bursitis/diagnóstico , Celulitis (Flemón)/diagnóstico , Quistes/patología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Cápsula Articular/lesiones , Cápsula Articular/patología , Meniscos Tibiales/patología , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/diagnóstico , Lesiones de Menisco TibialRESUMEN
A variety of terms that is often confusing is used to describe tendon changes at ultrasound.The classification of tendon disorders is often based on a combination of clinical and imaging findings. We present an overview of different categories of tendon disorders where ultrasound may contribute to the diagnosis and classification. We suggest the following categories: overuse, traumatic, inflammatory, and metabolic.The differentiation is not always possible and the importance of clinical data must be taken into account.The spectrum of tendon abnormalities is illustrated with clinical examples.
Asunto(s)
Tendinopatía/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastornos de Traumas Acumulados/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Traumatismos de los Tendones/diagnóstico por imagen , Tendones/diagnóstico por imagen , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
In this article, we present an overview of various cartilage and subchondral bone abnormalities seen on MRI. Injury of bone is often associated with cartilage damage and vice versa. A number of common conditions affecting joints typically show certain combinations of chondral and subchondral changes.