RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Current South American populations trace their origins mainly to three continental ancestries, i.e. European, Amerindian and African. Individual variation in relative proportions of each of these ancestries may be confounded with socio-economic factors due to population stratification. Therefore, ancestry is a potential confounder variable that should be considered in epidemiologic studies and in public health plans. However, there are few studies that have assessed the ancestry of the current admixed Chilean population. This is partly due to the high cost of genome-scale technologies commonly used to estimate ancestry. In this study we have designed a small panel of SNPs to accurately assess ancestry in the largest sampling to date of the Chilean mestizo population (n = 3349) from eight cities. Our panel is also able to distinguish between the two main Amerindian components of Chileans: Aymara from the north and Mapuche from the south. RESULTS: A panel of 150 ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) of SNP type was selected to maximize ancestry informativeness and genome coverage. Of these, 147 were successfully genotyped by KASPar assays in 2843 samples, with an average missing rate of 0.012, and a 0.95 concordance with microarray data. The ancestries estimated with the panel of AIMs had relative high correlations (0.88 for European, 0.91 for Amerindian, 0.70 for Aymara, and 0.68 for Mapuche components) with those obtained with AXIOM LAT1 array. The country's average ancestry was 0.53 ± 0.14 European, 0.04 ± 0.04 African, and 0.42 ± 0.14 Amerindian, disaggregated into 0.18 ± 0.15 Aymara and 0.25 ± 0.13 Mapuche. However, Mapuche ancestry was highest in the south (40.03%) and Aymara in the north (35.61%) as expected from the historical location of these ethnic groups. We make our results available through an online app and demonstrate how it can be used to adjust for ancestry when testing association between incidence of a disease and nongenetic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: We have conducted the most extensive sampling, across many different cities, of current Chilean population. Ancestry varied significantly by latitude and human development. The panel of AIMs is available to the community for estimating ancestry at low cost in Chileans and other populations with similar ancestry.
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad/genética , Genética de Población/organización & administración , Indígenas Sudamericanos/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Grupos de Población/genética , Chile , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes/genética , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Genotipo , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Humanos , Masculino , Filogeografía , SalivaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Current South American populations trace their origins mainly to three continental ancestries, i.e. European, Amerindian and African. Individual variation in relative proportions of each of these ancestries may be confounded with socio-economic factors due to population stratification. Therefore, ancestry is a potential confounder variable that should be considered in epidemiologic studies and in public health plans. However, there are few studies that have assessed the ancestry of the current admixed Chilean population. This is partly due to the high cost of genome-scale technologies commonly used to estimate ancestry. In this study we have designed a small panel of SNPs to accurately assess ancestry in the largest sampling to date of the Chilean mestizo population (n = 3349) from eight cities. Our panel is also able to distinguish between the two main Amerindian components of Chileans: Aymara from the north and Mapuche from the south. RESULTS: A panel of 150 ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) of SNP type was selected to maximize ancestry informativeness and genome coverage. Of these, 147 were successfully genotyped by KASPar assays in 2843 samples, with an average missing rate of 0.012, and a 0.95 concordance with microarray data. The ancestries estimated with the panel of AIMs had relative high correlations (0.88 for European, 0.91 for Amerindian, 0.70 for Aymara, and 0.68 for Mapuche components) with those obtained with AXIOM LAT1 array. The country's average ancestry was 0.53 ± 0.14 European, 0.04 ± 0.04 African, and 0.42 ± 0.14 Amerindian, disaggregated into 0.18 ± 0.15 Aymara and 0.25 ± 0.13 Mapuche. However, Mapuche ancestry was highest in the south (40.03%) and Aymara in the north (35.61%) as expected from the historical location of these ethnic groups. We make our results available through an online app and demonstrate how it can be used to adjust for ancestry when testing association between incidence of a disease and nongenetic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: We have conducted the most extensive sampling, across many different cities, of current Chilean population. Ancestry varied significantly by latitude and human development. The panel of AIMs is available to the community for estimating ancestry at low cost in Chileans and other populations with similar ancestry.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Etnicidad/genética , Indígenas Sudamericanos/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Grupos de Población/genética , Genética de Población/organización & administración , Saliva , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Chile , Filogeografía , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Frecuencia de los Genes/genética , GenotipoRESUMEN
Introducción: La secreción cervical cumple una función importante en el proceso reproductivo humano y algunas sus características (e.g., el cristalizar) cambian dependiendo de las variaciones en los niveles de hormonas esteroidales sexuales. Objetivo: Reportar la fractalidad observada en un patrón de cristalización de moco cervical humano. Métodos: El moco fue obtenido de una paciente en período periovulatorio. La imagen de un patrón cristalino de moco cervical fue transformada a blanco y negro y analizada mediante Fractalyse v. 2.4, el cual determina la dimensión fractal (DF) para cada imagen estudiada. Se analizaron tres zonas para la imagen seleccionada. Resultados: Se encontró, para la Zona 1, DF (± desviación estándar) = 1,36 ± 0,02 (r² = 0,9985); para la Zona 2, DF = 1,35 ± 0,02 (r² = 0,9979); y para la Zona 3, DF = 1,36 ± 0,03 (r² = 0,9958). Las DF encontradas para las zonas estudiadas fueron estadísticamente iguales entre sí. Conclusiones: El moco cervical humano en período periovulatorio puede seguir un patrón de cristalización tipo fractal, especialmente en lo referente a la semejanza de sus componentes estructurales (criterio de autosimilitud) (AU)
Introduction: Cervical secretion plays an important role in the human reproductive process and its characteristics (e.g., crystallization) change depending on variations in the levels of sex steroid hormones. Objective: The purpose of this brief communication is to report the fractality observed in a crystallization pattern of human cervical mucus. Methods: Mucus samples were obtained from a patient in the periovulatory period and an image of the crystalline pattern of cervical mucus was transformed to black and white and analysed by Fractalyse v. 2.4, which determines the fractal dimension (FD) for each studied image. Three zones were analysed for the selected image. Results: It was found that, for Zone 1, FD (± standard deviation) = 1.36 ± 0.02 (r² = 0.9985); for Zone 2, FD = 1.35 ± 0.02 (r² = 0.9979); and for Zone 3, FD = 1.36 ± 0.03 (r² = 0.9958). Zones studied were statistically equal to each other regarding their FD. Conclusions: Human cervical mucus obtained at periovulatory period can follow a fractal-like pattern of crystallization, especially in relation to the similarity of its structural components (criterion of self-similarity) (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Moco del Cuello Uterino , Fractales , CristalizaciónRESUMEN
La afectividad y la sexualidad constituyen un aspecto central en la psiquis humana. Sin embargo, en nuestros días se tiende a mostrar una imagen distorsionada de ambas al tener en consideración sólo algunos de sus elementos. Los jóvenes, que están frecuentemente inmersos en una realidad virtual, se encuentran expuestos a dicha imagen, lo cual se opone a que ellos puedan reconocer una afectividad y sexualidad vinculadas íntimamente al quehacer del ser humano. Una sexualidad desvinculada del amor, la razón y los sentimientos conduce a una disociación de la persona. Por esto, es de suma importancia la integración de la esfera racional con la afectiva, pues de lo contrario se corrompe el sentido más verdadero de la sexualidad. El objetivo de esta revisión es mostrar los principales aspectos relacionados con la problemática de la sexualidad en adolescentes, con especial atención en la sexualidad de las jóvenes chilenas. En ellas se observa un inicio cada vez más temprano de la actividad sexual, lo cual origina un aumento del embarazo adolescente, de la deserción escolar y de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual. Considerando las características propias de la adolescencia en cuanto ala toma de decisiones, se analiza el efecto del Programa Teen STAR en relación a los cambios en la conducta sexual y disminución de embarazo en las adolescentes que han participado en dicho programa versus quienes no han participado. Además, se enfatiza la importancia de entregar una formación que incluya todas las áreas de la persona, no limitándose a la entrega de soluciones técnicas o normativas. También se plantea que mediante la educación en la sexualidad la persona por completo adquiriría una educación para el amor, en cuanto se educa para reconocer la verdad de la persona misma; se educa para el reconocimiento y el respeto de sí mismo y del otro. Es dicho reconocimiento lo que permite distinguir entre lo que es verdaderamente bueno de lo que es simplemente deseable.
Affectivity and sexuality constitute the core of the human psyche. However, these fundamental aspects have become distorted in recent years as they are only partially considered. Youngsters, frequently immersed in a virtual reality, are exposed to this incomplete image and fail to acknowledge affectivity and sexuality as deeply linked to human nature. Disconnected from love, reason and feelings, sexuality leads to the persons dissociation. Therefore, it is crucial to integrate rationality and affectivity; otherwise, the deepest and truest sense of sexuality becomes corrupted. The purpose of this review is to show the main aspects of teenage sexuality, especially that of Chilean girls. The latter show an ever-earlier onset of sexual activity resulting in increased rates of adolescent pregnancy, school desertion, and sexually transmitted diseases. Bearing in mind the relevance of decision-making during adolescence, this article examines the effects of the Teen STAR Programme on changes in sexual behaviour and decreases in teenage pregnancy of the participants versus those who have not been part of it. Besides, this review emphasizes the importance of providing information for the person as a whole and not solutions from a merely technical or authoritative perspective. It also addresses the fact that through education for sexuality, the person acquires an education for love. This, given that the former teaches how to recognize the truth behind the person, favours respect for the other. Therefore, the adolescent learns to distinguish between what is really good and what is simply desirable.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adolescente , Femenino , Embarazo , Aborto , Embarazo en Adolescencia , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual , Sexualidad/estadística & datos numéricos , ChileRESUMEN
El Programa Teen STAR da una nueva mirada hacia la educación en afectividad y sexualidad, la cual supera la dicotomía actual entre los programas que promueven una mera solución técnica y aquellos que proponen un enfoque autoritario. Teen STAR se plantea desde la experiencia de la realidad personal y quiere ayudar al joven a descubrir su identidad y vocación en la vida. Para esto utiliza una pedagogía inductiva, basada en el autodescubrimiento a través de experiencias personales. Su propuesta se caracteriza por una antropología personalista reflexiva y, además, por una presencia activa de los monitores en el aula o en el lugar donde sea desarrollado, junto con entrevistas personales y reuniones con los padres o apoderados. El presente trabajo analiza los resultados obtenidos al implementar el Programa Teen STAR en adolescentes chilenos entre 12 y 18 años. Entre las adolescentes que participaron en el programa sólo un 3,4 por ciento inició su actividad sexual, en comparación con un 12,4 por ciento de las adolescentes en el grupo control, que no participaron en Teen STAR. Entre los varones que participaron en el programa sólo un 8,8 por ciento inició su actividad sexual, comparado con un 17,6 por ciento de los varones del grupo control. Entre los jóvenes pertenecientes al programa que estaban sexualmente activos, un 20,5 por ciento interrumpió su actividad sexual, en comparación a un 9 por ciento en el grupo control. Entre los jóvenes del programa que interrumpieron su actividad sexual, ninguno reanudó la actividad después de un año, mientras que un 11,7 por ciento de los jóvenes control sí la reanudó. Además, se estudiaron las tasas de embarazo de las jóvenes que participaron en Teen STAR versus las jóvenes que no lo hicieron (i.e., grupo control). Las tasas de embarazo promedio por año fueron 0,87 por ciento en el grupo Teen STAR y 4,87 por ciento en el grupo control durante el período de seguimiento.
The Teen STAR Programme sheds new light on educating in affectivity and sexuality. It goes beyond the current dichotomy between promoting a technical solution or favouring an authoritarian approach. By means of an inductive pedagogy based on self discovery and personal experience, Teen STAR helps teens find their identity and vocation. The approach is characterised by a personal reflexive anthropology and the active presence of monitors wherever the programme is implemented, together with interviews with the parents. The present work analyses the results obtained with the Teen STAR Programme among Chilean adolescents aged 12-18. Among the females who participated in the programme, only 3.4 percent transitioned from virginity to intercourse, compared with 12.4 percent of control females. Among males, the rates were 8.8 percent and 17.6 percent respectively. Among the sexually active participants, 20.5 percent discontinued intercourse, compared with 9 percent in the control group. None of the teenagers who discontinued intercourse resumed activity after a year, while 11.7 percent of those in the control group did. Pregnancy rates were studied among female students who participated in Teen STAR versus female students in the control group. Average pregnancy rates per year were 0.87 percent in the Teen STAR group and 4.87 percent in the control group during the follow-up period.