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INTRODUCTION: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images can be superimposed, allowing three-dimensional (3D) evaluation of craniofacial growth/treatment effects. Limitations of 3D superimposition techniques are related to imaging quality, software/hardware performance, reference areas chosen, and landmark points/volumes identification errors. The aims of this research are to determine/compare the intra-rater reliability generated by three 3D superimposition methods using CBCT images, and compare the changes observed in treated cases by these methods. METHODS: Thirty-six growing individuals (11-14 years old) were selected from patients that received orthodontic treatment. Before and after treatment (average 24 months apart) CBCTs were analyzed using three superimposition methods. The superimposed scans with the two voxel-based methods were used to construct surface models and quantify differences using SlicerCMF software, while distances in the landmark-derived method were calculated using Excel. 3D linear measurements of the models superimposed with each method were then compared. RESULTS: Repeated measurements with each method separately presented good to excellent intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC ≥ 0.825). ICC values were the lowest when comparing the landmark-based method and both voxel-based methods. Moderate to excellent agreement was observed when comparing the voxel-based methods against each other. The landmark-based method generated the highest measurement error. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate good to excellent intra-examiner reliability of the three 3D superimposition methods when assessed individually. However, when assessing reliability among the three methods, ICC demonstrated less powerful agreement. The measurements with two of the three methods (CMFreg/Slicer and Dolphin) showed similar mean differences; however, the accuracy of the results could not be determined.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the available literature concerning the reliability of three-dimensional superimposition methods when assessing changes in craniofacial hard tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four electronic databases were searched. Two authors independently reviewed potentially relevant articles for eligibility. Clinical trials, cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies that evaluated the reliability of three-dimensional superimposition methods on the anterior cranial base were included. RESULTS: Six studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Four studies used the voxel-based registration method, one used the landmark-based method and one used the surface-based method. Regarding reliability, the voxel-based studies showed on average a difference of 0.5 mm or less between images. The optimized analysis using a six-point correction algorithm in the landmark-based method showed 1.24 mm magnitude of error between images. CONCLUSIONS: Although reliability appears to be adequate, the small sample size and high risk of bias among studies make available evidence still insufficient to draw strong conclusions.

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BACKGROUND: Breast feeding has been suggested as a potential protective factor against childhood snoring and sleep disordered breathing (SDB). SDB can have major health consequences. The objective of this systematic review is to synthesise the available literature concerning any potential association between infant feeding methods and SDB in young children. METHODS: Five electronic databases were searched. All searches were inclusive until August 5, 2016. Two authors independently reviewed potentially relevant articles for eligibility. Any prospective or retrospective study, case-control study, cohort study, clinical trial, and cross-sectional study that evaluated the association between infant feeding methods and SDB were included. Data on study design, aim of study, sample size, study population, assessment tool, infant feeding methods, and outcome measures were extracted. RESULTS: Nine studies fulfilled the criteria to be finally included in this review, only cohorts and cross-sectional studies were identified. While seven of the selected studies reported a statistically significant association between breast feeding and reduced risk of SDB, the remaining two studies did not report any association. The main methodological limitation was high heterogeneity in the diagnostic criteria and assessment tools to identify SDB and limited data collection on infant feeding methods. CONCLUSIONS: The current evidence may point to a protective association, however, as uncertainty is moderate, any suggestion that breast feeding may or may not decrease the risk of SDB is currently unwarranted. More research on the topic is required to resolve some of the contradictions between included studies.

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El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la eficacia de un barniz fluorado en la remineralización de lesiones cariosas activas incipientes (mancha blanca) mediante el monitoreo de un láser de baja potencia. Se realizó un estudio clínico experimental prospectivo longitudinal utilizando una muestra de 21 pacientes con manchas blancas activas. Todas las familias recibieron consejería. La muestra fue aleatoria-mente distribuida en dos grupos: grupo control (profilaxis profesional) y el grupo experimental (barniz fluorado), con el siguiente protocolo de aplicación; una aplicación de inicio, la segunda aplicación una semana después y la tercera y cuarta aplicación se realizaron a la cuarta y octava semana del inicio del estudio respectivamente. Por lo tanto las superficies recibieron cuatro aplicaciones. Luego del análisis de las superficies que recibieron barniz fluorado una dosis-efecto respuesta, p<0.01 fue encontrada. Por lo tanto se halló como resultado una remineralización del 93.48% de la muestra en el grupo experimental, luego de cuatro aplicaciones de barniz fluorado en un plazo de 20 semanas.

To determine the efficacy of fluoride varnish to remineralize incipient caries lesions, using a laser fluorescence device, we conducted a five months randomized, prospective cohort clinical trial. Thus, 21 white spot-active children were enrolled. All families received counseling, and children were randomized to the following groups: professional cleaning, and fluoride application at the baseline, first week, forth week, and at the eighth week of the study. Analyzing the number of active fluoride varnish applications received resulted in a dose û response effect, p<0.001. Therefore, as a result a statistically significant difference between the two groups (experimentation and control) during the five measurements was demonstrated. Following four applications of fluoride varnish in a period of 20 weeks a 93.48% of remineralization in the experimental group was found.

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El objetivo del presente estudio fue demostrar la eficacia de un antimicrobiano de tipo fenol denominado Triclosan añadido a un dentífricosobre los cambios en el pH salival en gestantes del último trimestre. Se realizó un estudio clínico paralelo utilizando una muestra de 100 pacientes, aleatoriamente dividas en 2 grupos, 50 pacientes de experimentación quienes usaronun dentífrico conteniendo Triclosan al 0.3% y 50 pacientes control quienes usaron un dentífrico de uso común. Durante la investigación se registraron tres controles, un pH salival basal, un primer control inmediatamente despuésdel cepillado y un segundo control a las 5 horas post aplicación del dentífrico en ambos grupos durante tres días y luego se obtuvieron los promedios de cada paciente. Como resultado se halló una diferencia estadísticamente significativaentre los tres momentos de la evaluación, basal y luego de la aplicación de Triclosan al 0.3% adicionado a una pasta dental. Se registró una elevación importante en el pH seguida de un mecanismo de compensación que permitió la nivelación del pH hasta valores más elevados que los iniciales. Es decir permite una elevación temporal en el pH, luego la autorregulación bucal mantendría un medio adecuado alejado del denominado ôpH críticoõ que evitaría la instalación de la enfermedad cariosa.

The goal of this research was to determine the efficacy of the phenolic antibacterial Triclosan added toa toothpaste,in provide changes to thesaliva ph during the last trimester of pregnancyy. A parallel clinical study was made in 100 patients randomly divided into 2 groups, 50 using a dentifrice with Triclosan 0.3% and 50 controls using a standard tooth paste. During the studythree controls of the salival pH were registered, a baseline measurement, a first control right after brushing and finally 5 hours post application of the dentifrice. The measurements weremade in both groups during 3 consecutive days and the average were obtained from each patients. As a result, a statistically significant differencebetween the two groups (experimentation and placebo) during the three measurements, was demonstrated. Although the two groupsshowed a fall in the second measurement an important increase of the saliva pH was observed before using a dentifrice with Triclosan 0.3% following a compensatory mechanism keeping suitable saliva pH levels higher than the initial one. Therefore, Triclosan added to tooth pastes may help to raise the saliva pH levels when the oral environment reaches critical salivary pH levels.

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