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The primary fibromyalgia syndrome (Weichteilrheumatismus) shows a circadian rhythm of the symptoms and, moreover, a seasonality of pain severeness. Although the pathophysiologic mechanisms are unknown, the circadian variations are well documented in the literature; the seasonality of pain is sometimes clinically reported. In a study on "healthy" workers, the seasonality of this disease is reported.

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Painful and painless phantom tooth phenomena can often be understood only by means of extensive inquiry. The presence of the phenomena appears to be influenced by demographic factors such as age. Other factors include an advance of the circadian phase position from an ergotropic state of the central nervous system and personality dispositions such as introversion.

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A sample of 6718 healthy persons were asked, during an examination in connection with getting a job, whether they had noticed sounds emanating from their temporomandibular joints. A total of 20.1% of the job applicants reported hearing joint sounds. Crepitation or clicking was found in more than 12.2% of the sample on palpation. Auscultatory examination revealed sounds in almost 72.5% of the individuals. When examined with a phonocardiograph, 84% of a randomly selected subgroup demonstrated joint sounds. Considering the frequency with which this symptom occurred in healthy individuals, caution must be exercised in interpreting joint sounds as definite proof of arthropathy.

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A detailed characterization of Chlamydomonas reinhardii cDNAs encoding ubiquitin 52-amino-acid fusion proteins is presented in this study. While two cDNAs (designated UBI1 and UBI3) encode the complete ubiquitin extension protein, the third one (UBI2) lacks a minor part of the 5' region as well as a poly(A) tail. Differences between UBI1 and UBI3 are observed in the length of the poly(A) domain (13 versus 46 adenines) and in the lack of three nucleotides at the 3' noncoding region of UBI3. According to Northern blot experiments using UBI1 as a homologous probe, at least six members of the C. reinhardii ubiquitin gene family are transcriptionally active at regular conditions. During application of severe stress (heat shock in light and darkness, and photoinhibition), the transcription of the UBI1 mRNA substantially decreases. This effect is most drastically induced by application of heat shock to illuminated cells.

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Ubiquitin, a highly conserved 76-amino-acid protein, is involved in the response of many types of eukaryotic cells to stress but little is known about its role in lower plants. In the present study we have investigated the distribution of ubiquitin in the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii as well as the effect of heat and light stress on its conjugation to cellular proteins. Immunoelectron microscopy shows that ubiquitin is located in the chloroplast, nucleus, cytoplasm, pyrenoid and on the plasma membrane. The location of ubiquitin within chloroplasts has not been observed previously. In immunoblots of whole cell extracts with an antibody to ubiquitin a prominent conjugate band with an apparent molecular mass of 29 kDa and a broad region of high-molecular-mass conjugates (apparent molecular mass greater than 45 kDa) were observed. Exposure of cells to a 41.5 degrees C heat shock in both the dark and light caused the disappearance of the 29-kDa conjugate and an increase in the high-molecular-mass conjugates. After step down to 25 degrees C the 29-kDa conjugate reappeared while the levels of high-molecular-mass conjugates decreased. In light, the recovery of the 29-kDa band was more rapid than in the dark. Photoinhibition alters the ubiquitin conjugation pattern similarly to heat shock, but to a lesser degree. These observations imply that, in Chlamydomonas, ubiquitin has a role in the chloroplast and in the response to heat and light stress.

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The phantom phenomena affecting the extremities also seem to appear after dental extractions. Non-painful perceptions are more frequently observed than painful ones, and young people are more often affected that the elderly. The theories that postulate a central genesis would appear to be more likely than the explanation involving peripheral stimulation.

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An overview is given of the legislation governing occupational diseases in relation to oro- and maxillofacial tumors. A specific job history must be established to analyse the underlying causes of the disease, to initiate preventive measures, and to meet the compensation claims of these cancer patients.

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The sensibility of the epicritic (= tactile) and protopathic (= nociceptive) functions of the teeth decreases with advancing age. This has been demonstrated by simultaneously evaluating the minimum threshold shock duration after low-temperature stimuli (thermal threshold of pain) and the number of errors in wire thickness comparison tests (tactile sensibility). By contrast, the reparative processes in the elderly are dominated by delayed reaction type patterns, while in younger persons early reaction type patterns are prevailing.

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The frequencies of 5706 demands for analgetic drugs after dental operations have been recorded. The highest consumption of analgetics is observed around postoperative day 7. On days 2 and 3, the circadian course of the frequencies peaks in the early morning (around 06.00). On days 6 and 7 the frequencies of analgetic administrations increase during the evening (around 18.00-20.00). The circadian profiles of frequencies therefore exhibit a phase jump of about 180 degrees during the postoperative period, indicating a change of dominance from a more protopathic type of pain to an epicritic one.

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Cold and changing (warm/cold) footbaths in a curative dosage, used in physiotherapy, at first have the effect of constantly elevating the temperature of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa. With longer duration and overdosage of the cold irrigation, a steep decrease of the mucosa temperature ensues. The extent of this reaction is determined by circadian variations. The importance of the elevation of the temperature of the mucosa is discussed with reference to resistance against infections from the common cold.

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The pain threshold in healthy teeth changes significantly depending on the label of the placebo. Systematic observations during the whole day indicate that the effect of the placebo shows significant circadian variations. When a placebo is labelled an analgesic, there is a greater and quicker increase of the pain threshold in teeth during the day-time than during the night hours when the pain threshold ascends less or may even descend. A placebo can produce up to 40% of the pain threshold elevation produced by a normal analgesic.

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