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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of joint immobilization on morphometric parameters and glycogen content of soleus muscle treated with clenbuterol. Male Wistar (3-4 months old) rats were divided into 4 groups (N = 6 for each group): control, clenbuterol, immobilized, and immobilized treated with clenbuterol. Immobilization was performed with acrylic resin orthoses and 10 µg/kg body weight clenbuterol was administered subcutaneously for 7 days. The following parameters were measured the next day on soleus muscle: weight, glycogen content, cross-sectional area, and connective tissue content. The clenbuterol group showed an increase in glycogen (81.6 percent, 0.38 ± 0.09 vs 0.69 ± 0.06 mg/100 g; P < 0.05) without alteration in weight, cross-sectional area or connective tissue compared with the control group. The immobilized group showed a reduction in muscle weight (34.2 percent, 123.5 ± 5.3 vs 81.3 ± 4.6 mg; P < 0.05), glycogen content (31.6 percent, 0.38 ± 0.09 vs 0.26 ± 0.05 mg/100 mg; P < 0.05) and cross-sectional area (44.1 percent, 2574.9 ± 560.2 vs 1438.1 ± 352.2 µm²; P < 0.05) and an increase in connective tissue (216.5 percent, 8.82 ± 3.55 vs 27.92 ± 5.36 percent; P < 0.05). However, the immobilized + clenbuterol group showed an increase in weight (15.9 percent; 81.3 ± 4.6 vs 94.2 ± 4.3 mg; P < 0.05), glycogen content (92.3 percent, 0.26 ± 0.05 vs 0.50 ± 0.17 mg/100 mg; P < 0.05), and cross-sectional area (19.9 percent, 1438.1 ± 352.2 vs 1724.8 ± 365.5 µm²; P < 0.05) and a reduction in connective tissue (52.2 percent, 27.92 ± 5.36 vs 13.34 ± 6.86 percent; P < 0.05). Statistical analysis was performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and homoscedasticity tests. For the muscle weight and muscle glycogen content, two-way ANOVA and the Tukey test were used. For the cross-sectional area and connective tissue content, Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey tests were used. This study emphasizes the importance of anabolic pharmacological...

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RESUMEN

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of joint immobilization on morphometric parameters and glycogen content of soleus muscle treated with clenbuterol. Male Wistar (3-4 months old) rats were divided into 4 groups (N = 6 for each group): control, clenbuterol, immobilized, and immobilized treated with clenbuterol. Immobilization was performed with acrylic resin orthoses and 10 microg/kg body weight clenbuterol was administered subcutaneously for 7 days. The following parameters were measured the next day on soleus muscle: weight, glycogen content, cross-sectional area, and connective tissue content. The clenbuterol group showed an increase in glycogen (81.6%, 0.38 +/- 0.09 vs 0.69 +/- 0.06 mg/100 g; P < 0.05) without alteration in weight, cross-sectional area or connective tissue compared with the control group. The immobilized group showed a reduction in muscle weight (34.2%, 123.5 +/- 5.3 vs 81.3 +/- 4.6 mg; P < 0.05), glycogen content (31.6%, 0.38 +/- 0.09 vs 0.26 +/- 0.05 mg/100 mg; P < 0.05) and cross-sectional area (44.1%, 2574.9 +/- 560.2 vs 1438.1 +/- 352.2 microm(2); P < 0.05) and an increase in connective tissue (216.5%, 8.82 +/- 3.55 vs 27.92 +/- 5.36%; P < 0.05). However, the immobilized + clenbuterol group showed an increase in weight (15.9%; 81.3 +/- 4.6 vs 94.2 +/- 4.3 mg; P < 0.05), glycogen content (92.3%, 0.26 +/- 0.05 vs 0.50 +/- 0.17 mg/100 mg; P < 0.05), and cross-sectional area (19.9%, 1438.1 +/- 352.2 vs 1724.8 +/- 365.5 microm(2); P < 0.05) and a reduction in connective tissue (52.2%, 27.92 +/- 5.36 vs 13.34 +/- 6.86%; P < 0.05). Statistical analysis was performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and homoscedasticity tests. For the muscle weight and muscle glycogen content, two-way ANOVA and the Tukey test were used. For the cross-sectional area and connective tissue content, Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey tests were used. This study emphasizes the importance of anabolic pharmacological protection during immobilization to minimize skeletal muscle alterations resulting from disuse.

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OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da estimulação elétrica (EE) sobre o perfil metabólico e morfométrico dos músculos do membro posterior de ratos submetidos à imobilização durante 15 dias. MÉTODO: Ratos Wistar foram divididos em 3 grupos (n=5): controle, imobilizado por 15 dias e imobilizado associado à EE por 15 dias. Foram avaliados: reserva de glicogênio (RG) dos músculos sóleo (S), extensor longo dos dedos (ELD), gastrocnêmio branco (GB), gastrocnêmio vermelho (GV) e tibial anterior (TA), além do peso do sóleo, área das fibras e tecido conjuntivo do S. A análise estatística foi feita pelos testes ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: A imobilização promoveu alterações significativas (p<0,05) como: redução nas RG (S: 44,73 por cento, GB: 47,82 por cento, GV: 46,34 por cento, ELD: 41,66 por cento, TA: 48,38 por cento), no peso (7,2 por cento) e na área das fibras (35 por cento) do S, além do aumento da densidade do tecido conjuntivo (160 por cento). A EE promoveu aumento significativo (p<0,05) nas RG de todos os músculos imobilizados (S: 90,47 por cento, GB: 62,5 por cento, GV: 95,45 por cento, ELD: 76,19 por cento, TA: 56,25 por cento), no peso (20,94 por cento) e na área das fibras (19,65 por cento) do S e também promoveu redução significativa (15,38 por cento, p<0,05) na densidade do tecido conjuntivo. CONCLUSÕES: A EE minimizou a redução das RG, preveniu a redução da área das fibras e a proliferação do tecido conjuntivo nos músculos submetidos à imobilização.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of electrical stimulation on the metabolic and morphometric profile of rat hind limb muscles subjected to immobilization for 15 days. METHOD: Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n=5): control; immobilized for 15 days; and immobilized for 15 days with electrical stimulation. The glycogen reserves of the soleus, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), white gastrocnemius (WG), red gastrocnemius (RG) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were evaluated, along with the weight, fibrous area and conjunctive tissue of the soleus. The statistical analysis was performed using the Anova and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: Immobilization promoted significant alterations (p<0.05), such as: reductions in the glycogen reserves (soleus: 44.73 percent, WG: 47.82 percent, RG: 46.34 percent, EDL: 41.66 percent, TA: 48.38 percent) and in the weight (7.2 percent) and fibrous area (35 percent) of the soleus, and also increased connective tissue density (160 percent). Electrical stimulation promoted a significant increase (p<0.05) in the glycogen reserves of all the immobilized muscles: (soleus: 90.47 percent, WG: 62.5 percent, RG: 95.45 percent, EDL: 76.19 percent, TA: 56.25 percent) and in the weight (20.94 percent) and fibrous area (19.65 percent) of the soleus, and also promoted a significant reduction (15.38 percent, p<0.05) in connective tissue density. CONCLUSION: Electrical stimulation minimized the reduction in glycogen reserves and prevented the reduction in fibrous area and proliferation of connective tissue in the muscles subjected to immobilization.

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The objective of the present study was to propose an orthosis of light material that would be functional for the animal and that would maintain only the ankle joint immobilized. Male Wistar rats (3 to 4 months old, 250-300 g) were divided into 2 groups (N = 6): control and immobilized for 7 days. Rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg weight) and the left hindlimb was immobilized with the orthoses composed of acrylic resin model, abdominal belt and lateral supports. The following analyses were performed: glycogen content of the soleus, extensor digitorum longus, white gastrocnemius, red gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles by the phenol sulfuric method, and the weight, fiber area and intramuscular connective tissue of the soleus by the planimetric system. Data were analyzed statistically by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student t and Wilcoxon tests. Immobilization decreased glycogen in all muscles (P < 0.05; soleus: 31.6%, white gastrocnemius: 56.6%, red gastrocnemius: 39%, extensor digitorum longus: 41.7%, tibialis anterior: 45.2%) in addition to reducing soleus weight by 34% (P < 0.05). Furthermore, immobilization promoted reduction of the fiber area (43%, P < 0.05) and increased the connective tissue (200%, P < 0.05). The orthosis model was efficient comparing with another alternative immobilization model, like plaster casts, in promoting skeletal muscle alterations, indicating that it could be used as a new model in other studies related to muscle disuse.

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The objective of the present study was to propose an orthosis of light material that would be functional for the animal and that would maintain only the ankle joint immobilized. Male Wistar rats (3 to 4 months old, 250-300 g) were divided into 2 groups (N = 6): control and immobilized for 7 days. Rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg weight) and the left hindlimb was immobilized with the orthoses composed of acrylic resin model, abdominal belt and lateral supports. The following analyses were performed: glycogen content of the soleus, extensor digitorum longus, white gastrocnemius, red gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles by the phenol sulfuric method, and the weight, fiber area and intramuscular connective tissue of the soleus by the planimetric system. Data were analyzed statistically by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student t and Wilcoxon tests. Immobilization decreased glycogen in all muscles (P < 0.05; soleus: 31.6 percent, white gastrocnemius: 56.6 percent, red gastrocnemius: 39 percent, extensor digitorum longus: 41.7 percent, tibialis anterior: 45.2 percent) in addition to reducing soleus weight by 34 percent (P < 0.05). Furthermore, immobilization promoted reduction of the fiber area (43 percent, P < 0.05) and increased the connective tissue (200 percent, P < 0.05). The orthosis model was efficient comparing with another alternative immobilization model, like plaster casts, in promoting skeletal muscle alterations, indicating that it could be used as a new model in other studies related to muscle disuse.

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Estudar os efeitos dos tratamentos com ultra-som (US) e d-pantenol (d-p) na reparacao tegumentar em ratos por meio de analise histoetrica e histopatologica. Metodo: foram utilizados 50 ratos wistar, anestesiados por Thionembutal sodico (50 mg/kg), dos quais foi retirado 1cm2 de pele na rehiao dorsal, sendo que 25 foram submetidos a tratamento diario por 7 dias e 25 por 14 dias. Os grupos experimentais (n=5) foram: controle (C), gel (G), US (3MHz, 0,1 W/cm2, 1 minuto, modo continuo), d-p na concentracao de (10 por cento) e US+d-p. seccoes de 6 um de espessura da lesao foram procesados para coloracao em Hematoxilina-Eosina. A re-epitelizacao e o numero de fibroblastos e leucocitos foram obtidos num processador de imagens (Software Imagem Pro-Plus) e analisados pelo teste ANOVA, seguido de Tukey para comparacao da medias. Resultados: a re-epitelizacao dos grupos US(1869,6+-238,4 um) e US+d-p(2167,7+-232 um) foi maior (p<-0,05) em relacao ao C(987,7+-146,8 um), mas nao diferiram entre si. O numero de fibroblastos no grupo US (419+-37) com sete dias de tratamento foi significativamente maior em relacao aos demais grupos: (C:250+-17), (d-p:296+-49) e (US+d-p:274+-18). No grupo US, tratado por sete dias, a media de leucocitos (134+-15) foi menor (p<-0,05) em relacao ao C (253+-37), d-p (222+-29) e US+d-p (153+-14), evidenciando seu efeito na fase inicial do processo inflamatorio. Conclusoes: o US acelera o processo de reparo, bem como associado ao d-p. Porem, essa associacao dos tratamentos, US+d-p, n'ao mostrou resultados significativos em relacao ao tratamento com US isolado

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A estimulacao eletrica muscular tem sido empregada apos lesao nervosa periferica com o objetivo de minimizar a atrofia e a fraqueza muscular. Experimentos tem demonstrado que ha plasticidade nas fibras musculares, sendo o musculo capaz de sofrer adaptacoes ante fatores como a desnervacao e a estimulacao eletrica. Objetivo: analisar a influencia da estimulacao eletrica sobre o perfil morfometrico do musculo soleo de ratos desnervado por esmagamentodo nervo isquiatico. Metodo: foram utilizados 18 ratos Wistar (196,86g+-33,67) divididos em 3 grupos(n=6): desnervado+estimulacao eletrica (DEE); desnervado(D); e controle(C). Vinte e quatro horas apos o esmagemento do nervo iniciou-se a estimulacao eletrica muscular no grupo DEE(i=5mA, Fase=3ms, f=10Hz) por 30 minutos, durante 20 dias consecutivos. O musculo soleo foi retirado para analise morfometrica. Ressultados: a area medica de seccao transversa das fibras musculares do grupo C foi de 1.035 um2+-210, no grupo D foi de 375 um2+-65 e no grupo DEE, de 600 um2+-126(P<-0,05). A densidade de area do tecido conjuntivo foi significativamente menor (P<-0,05) no grupo DEE (16,61 por cento +- 3,68) em relacao ao D(34,49 por cento +- 4,32), sendo que ambos os grupos apresentaram valores maiores que o grupo C (9,55 por cento +- 2,62). A densidade de area das fibras do musculo soleo foi significativamente maior (P<-0,05) no grupo DEE(83,37 por cento +- 3,68) quando comparada ao grupo D (65,49 por cento +- 4,32). A estimulacao eletrica de baixa frequencia minimizou a atrofia das fibras musculares e a proliferacao de tecido conjuntivo no musculo desnervado

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BACKGROUND: d-panthenol is a popular additive in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations. However, in order for this vitamin to provide skin benefits, it must penetrate the stratum corneum. OBJECTIVE: To verify the penetrability of d-panthenol in the skin and evaluate the effect of ultrasound on the cutaneous penetration of this vitamin. METHODS: The diffusion cell technique with pig skin as the membrane, distilled water as the receptor solution, and a hydrophilic d-panthenol gel were used for the research. The experimental groups were gel + d-panthenol (10%) and gel + d-panthenol (10%) + ultrasound. The receptor solution was collected at predetermined times and the amount of d-panthenol was determined by using a spectrophotometer at 406 nm. RESULTS: Ultrasound resulted in a statistically significant increase (P < 0.05) in the penetration of d-panthenol at 2, 60, and 240 min. CONCLUSION: d-panthenol penetration through the pig's skin is enhanced through the use of ultrasound.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito do ultra-som na permeacao cutanea do tiratricol, farmacio lipolitico muito utilizado no tratamento mesoterapico para celulite. Trata-se, porem, de metodo invasivo, razao do interesse pela aplicacao topica. Os tratamentos topicos foram realizados no dorso de cinco suinos(Landrace x Large White), machos, com 50 dias, em areas de 8cm :C-controle, G-gel (carbpol 940), G+US-gel +ultra-som, G+T-gel+tiratricol (20mg/3 de gel), G+T+US-gel+tiratricol+ultra-som, e M- mesoterapia, tratados diariamente por 15 dias. O protocolo do US foi: 3 MHz, 0,2 W/cm, continuo. Apos processamento histologico em parafina com coloracao por HE, usando-se ocular milimetrada (Zeiss), forma feitas medidas histometricas da pele, analisadas pela (ANOVA) com teste de DUNNET a 5(por cento) (p>,0,05) de significancia. Essa analise mostrou espessamento na epiderme, em razao do poder hidratente do gel, o que nao ocorreu no tratamento com mesoterapia. A hipoderme das areas tratadas por mesoterapia sofreu reducao significativa em sua espessura (33,8(por cento), p<0,05), assim como as areas tratadas por gel + tiratricol + US (23,5 (por cento), p<0,05), o que nao ocorreu com o tiratricol isoladamente (6,08 por cento, p>0,05). Concluiu-se que o US aumentou a permeacao do tiratricol

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Diversos estudos relatam os efeitos da denervacao sobre a homeostasia energetica do musculo soleo, sendo demonstrado que concomitante ao processo de atrofia ha reducao no metabolismo muscular da glicose e aumento de colageno no endomisio e perimisio, indicando que a atrofia e acompanhada de alteracoes metabolicas e fibrose. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da associacao dos tratamentos com metformina(0,1g/kg) e estimulacao eletrica (f=10Hz, fase=3ms, 20 min/dia) sobre a morfologia e reserva de glicogenio do musculo soleo denervado de ratos. Tratamento com PAS (acido periodico de Schift) foi utilizado para evidenciar reservas de glicogenio, e a densidade de areas das fibras foi obtida pela tecnica morfometrica e analisada pela ANOVA com teste F e teste de Tukey para comparacao das medias. Apos 15 dias, a associacao dos tratemntos nao recuperou o peso do musculo soleo (69,33mg), perdido com a denervacao (63,33mg, p>0,05), no entanto, promoveu aumento de granulos de glicogenio, evidenciando melhora nas condicoes metabolicas das fibras

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The effect of diets enriched with oat or wheat bran (prepared by the addition of 300 g of each fiber to 1000 g of the regular diet), given for 8 weeks, on the mucosal height of the colon and cecum was investigated. Newly weaned (21 days old) and aged (12 months old) male Wistar rats were used in this study. As compared to controls, diets enriched with wheat bran provoked a significant increase in the mucosal height, whereas oat bran did not cause any effect. In newly weaned rats (21 days old), wheat bran increased the mucosal height (mum) in the cecum by 20 per cent (mean + SEM for 8 rats; 169.1 + 5.2 and 202.9 + 8.0 for control and wheat bran, respectively) and in the colon (218.8 + 7.2 and 264.5 + 18.8 for control and wheat bran, respectively). A similar effect was observed in aged rats (12 months old), with an increase of 15 per cent in the mucosal height (mum) of the cecum (mean + SEM of 8 rats; 193.2 + 8.6 and 223.7 + 8.3 for control and wheat bran, respectively) and of 17 per cent in the colon (300.4 + 9.2 and 352.2 + 15.9 for control and wheat bran, respectively).

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The effect of vinblastine on the protein metabolism of the periodontal ligament of impeded and unimpeded mouse incisors was studied by (3H)-glycine labelling and radioautography. The silver-grain concentration was determined in areas adjacent to the tooth, areas adjacent to bone and, as an internal control, in the dentine matrix. From 1 to 12h there was no difference between treated and control animals; thus the drug did not alter protein biosynthesis. Later, the silver-grain concentration was significantly higher in areas adjacent to both bone and tooth in vinblastine-treated animals, suggesting a longer half-life of the labelled proteins. No significant differences between normal or unimpeded erupting incisors of both groups were detected. Dentine matrix showed a possibly higher re-utilization of the labelled amino acid in vinblastine-treated animals. The amount of labelled protein removed by collagenase was similar in both groups, while the concentration of grains due to collagenase-resistant proteins was significantly higher in treated animals, particularly at 96h after the injection of labelled glycine. The relation between the increased amount of non-collagenous proteins in the periodontal ligament and the decrease in the rate of eruption caused by vinblastine was not established. However, among these proteins, fibronectin and proteoglycans are thought to be important factors in tooth eruption

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