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BACKGROUND: Controversies for treatment of acromioclavicular joint injuries in particular type III injuries may be partially attributed to the lack of a standardized method of radiography and measurement technique. Previous studies looking at the Rockwood classification showed poor inter- and intraobserver reliability (Kappa value approximately 0.20-0.50). We hypothesized that the use of unilateral instead of bilateral acromioclavicular joint radiographs was the cause of this finding. In this article, we standardized the methodology to perform the radiograph and to measure the coracoclavicular distances. We designed the study to focus on the reliability of differentiating type III and type V injuries. METHODS: A standardized radiographic protocol for bilateral Zanca view was established in our institution. All patients who underwent this radiographic examination over a 3-year period were reviewed. Radiographs of 55 patients with significant (type III or V) injury met the inclusion criteria. For the interobserver reliability, a retrospective radiographic review was performed by 6 orthopedic surgeons and graded as either type III or V. For intraobserver reliability, a similar process was repeated by 3 observers after a period of 6 weeks. RESULTS: Going by the majority agreement of the 6 reviewers, there were 34 type III injuries and 19 type V injuries. The Fleiss kappa for interobserver reliability was calculated to be 0.624. The Cohen kappa for intraobserver reliability was calculated to be 0.696. DISCUSSION: The use of a standardized radiographic protocol-taking bilateral Zanca views on the same radiographic plate-would help eliminate a significant amount of variability and improve the reliability of classifying acromioclavicular joint injuries using the Rockwood classification, which uses a relative measure to the contralateral site as its definition criteria. Other possible sources of poor reliability may include the masking of injuries by muscle spasm, resulting in a misdiagnosis of a high-grade injury as a lower-grade one and the possible need to subclassify type III injuries. CONCLUSION: Reliability of the Rockwood classification can be improved through the use of a standardized radiographic protocol to improve the detection of vertical instability. Similar to Rockwood dividing up Tossy grade 3 injuries when he noted the differential outcome and intervention, Rockwood type III injuries would likely require further subclassification as it remains an anomalous tool with high variability. Further studies are required to understand the pathologic basis of transition of type III into type V injury.

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PURPOSE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide consensus regarding the degree of optimal extended arthroscopic capsular release in addition to a standard rotator interval release in the treatment of idiopathic frozen shoulder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. All articles that reported the outcomes of capsular release in idiopathic frozen shoulder were included. A total of 18 articles with 629 patients and 811 shoulders were included. Clinical outcomes analysed include differences between pre and postoperative ranges of motion (ROM), Visual Analog Score (VAS) reduction, Simple Shoulder Test (SST) scores and Constant scores. Patients were grouped by technique: anterior-inferior capsular release (Group 1), anterior-inferior-posterior capsular release (Group 2), and 360-degree capsular release (Group 3) at follow up points 3,6 and 12 months. RESULTS: Comparing ROM, Group 1 had greater early abduction (p<0.01), early (p<0.01) and overall external rotation (p<0.01) than Group 2, as well as greater early flexion (p<0.01), early abduction (p<0.01), early (p<0.01) and overall internal rotation (p<0.01) than Group 3. Group 2 had greater early (p=0.03) and overall flexion (p<0.01) than Group 1, as well as greater early (p<0.01) and overall flexion (p<0.01), early abduction (p<0.01) and early internal rotation (p<0.01) than Group 3. Group 3 had greater overall flexion (p<0.01) than Group 1 and greater overall external rotation (p<0.01) than Group 2. Comparing VAS scores, the less extensive releases saw the greatest significant postoperative reduction. Group 2 had greater mean improvements in postoperative Constant scores than Group 1 (p<0.01) and Group 3 (p<0.01), while SST scores were significantly higher in Group 1 (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that less extensive releases may result in better functional and pain scores. Addition of a posterior release offers increased early internal rotation, which was not sustained over time, but provides early and sustained flexion improvements. A complete 360 release may not provide any further benefit. There were no significant differences in the complication rates amongst the 3 techniques. LEVEL OF STUDY: II; Meta-analysis and systematic review.

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PURPOSE. To evaluate various postoperative complications and their risk factors in hip fracture patients. METHODS. 207 female and 87 male consecutive patients (mean age, 78.1 years) who underwent surgical (n=242) or conservative (n=52) treatment for closed fractures of the femoral neck (n=157) or peritrochanter (n=137) were prospectively studied. The types of complication and outcome were recorded. The comorbidity status of the patients was categorised based on the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification. Complications and their associations with various risk factors and mortality were analysed. RESULTS. For all patients, the mean length of hospitalisation was 14.6 days. For the 242 patients who underwent surgical treatment after a mean of 3.6 days, 56.8% of them had at least one complication. Acute urinary retention (39.3%) and urinary tract infection (24.0%) were most common. Patients with ASA grade III or higher had 2.3 fold higher risk of developing complications than those with lower-grade comorbidity, whereas patients with delayed operation (>48 hours after presentation) had 1.8 fold higher risk of developing complications than those without delayed operation. Four patients died in hospital: 2 from myocardial infarction and 2 from upper gastrointestinal bleeding. CONCLUSION. Complications after hip fracture surgery were common. Advanced age, high ASA status, and delay in surgery were associated with higher complication rates. Operations should be performed on medically fit patients as early as possible.

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