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Despite significant advances in the understanding of multiple myeloma (MM) biology and the development of novel treatment strategies in the last two decades, MM is still an incurable disease. Novel drugs with alternative mechanisms of action, such as selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE), modulators of the ubiquitin pathway [cereblon E3 ligase modulatory drugs (CELMoDs)], and T cell redirecting (TCR) therapy, have led to significant improvement in patient outcomes. However, resistance still emerges, posing a major problem for the treatment of myeloma patients. This review summarizes current data on treatment with SINE, TCR therapy, and CELMoDs and explores their mechanism of resistance. Understanding these resistance mechanisms is critical for developing strategies to overcome treatment failure and improve therapeutic outcomes.

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PURPOSE: 3D organotypic cell cultures offer the possibility to study cell growth in a more in vivo like situation. To our knowledge no 3D culture of primary urothelial cells has been established yet. BK Polyomavirus (BKPyV), replicating in urothelial cells, may cause haemorrhagic cystitis in immunocompromised patients. PRIMARY ENDPOINTS OF THIS STUDY: Establishment of a 3D organotypic cell culture of primary urothelial cells and fibroblasts; use of this model as infection model for archetype BKPyV; description of first parts of viral life cycle with identification of therapeutic targets. METHODS: This is an experimental study. Primary urothelial cells were purchased from CellnTec, Bern, Switzerland; fibroblasts were isolated from the ureter of patients with no urothelial malignancy in their medical history. As main methods we used quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Outcomes were analysed using SPSS 23.0. RESULTS: We were able to develop a 3D organotypic culture for primary urothelium. An infection with archetype BKPyV was established in this model with virus replication rates up to 6.41 × 108 copies/ml on day 9 following Infection. Interestingly, proliferation rate of the urothelial cells is significantly (p = 0.049 at day 6 following infection) elevated while cells are losing differentiation under infection. Phosphorylated STAT3 is also significantly elevated (p < 0.0001) during infection. CONCLUSIONS: The established of urothelial 3D cultures is a new method to study several urothelial diseases. The archetype BKPyV infection model is novel and the first method to study archetype viral life cycle. The STAT3 pathway might be an interesting target for the development of a causal therapy.

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OBJECTIVE: Steroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a major challenge after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is no therapeutic standard defined beyond calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) and steroids. Furthermore, some patients may have contraindications against CNI or high-dose steroids. Efficacy of ruxolitinib against GvHD has been described recently. METHODS: Ruxolitinib was used for treatment of acute or chronic GvHD in eight patients. The patients either needed intensification of therapy or had contraindications against use of CNI or high-dose steroids. RESULTS: Supplementation of therapy in acute GvHD with severe diarrhea with ruxolitinib was unsuccessful. All these patients died from acute GvHD. Introduction of ruxolitinib into therapy and relapse prophylaxis in other patients was successful in 4/4 cases (CR=3, PR=1). Indications for ruxolitinib were contraindications against CNI due to aHUS in two cases and the need for steroid sparing in two other cases. None of these patients suffered from diarrhea at the initiation of ruxolitinib. CONCLUSION: Ruxolitinib was effective for therapy of acute and chronic GvHD in higher lines in patients without severe diarrhea. Ruxolitinib could replace successfully CNI and high-dose steroids. Further investigations are necessary to define the position of ruxolitinib in GvHD-therapy.

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Isavuconazole is a novel antifungal drug approved for the treatment of adults with invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis. While azoles as a class effect are known to prolong QTc interval, clinical trials have shown that isavuconazole administration may cause shortening in a dose-related manner. Here, we assessed the effects of isavuconazole on the length of QTc interval. The objective of the study was to describe changes in the QTc interval induced by isavuconazole treatment. A total of 26 adult patients from 7 hospitals were included. Patients received isavuconazole for the treatment of invasive fungal infection and, in 1 case, for prophylaxis due to QTc prolongation under fluconazole. Twelve-channel electrocardiograms (ECGs) were performed before and during treatment. Out of 26 patients, 24 showed shortening of QTc interval. In patients with QTc shortening, QTc during isavuconazole treatment showed a mean decrease of 7.4 ± 5.8% (36.5 ± 38.8 ms, range 7-202; P = .004), compared to pre-isavuconazole ECG. One patient with available long-term follow-up showed further decrease in QTc on days 55 and 110. Apart from 1 case report, these are the first data outside controlled clinical trials showing QTc shortening. Knowledge about cardiac effects of isavuconazole will serve to better manage the use of concomitant medications.

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Ewing's sarcoma (ES) and primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) are now considered to be the same tumour and usually occur in long bones. Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma is an extremely rare neoplasm, accounting for 1% of soft tissue sarcomas, with most common location in the thorax. Gallbladder cancer (GBC) represents the most common type among the biliary tract cancers with a poor prognosis even among patients undergoing aggressive therapy. We present study of extraskeletal ES/PNET found in the hilus of the liver of an elderly, diagnosed one month prior with GBC woman. The patient underwent two cycles of chemotherapy SAIME/SAVAC for ES and thereafter was operated. During three-year follow-up no recurrence of ES/PNET has been reported. However, two years after chemotherapy the patient suffered a relapse of adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder and thus received palliative chemotherapy of gemcitabine and cisplatin. After 16 months of recurrence she died. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of ES/PNET located in the hilus of the liver and as a synchronous neoplasm.