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This in vitro study evaluates the influence of pressed lithium disilicate thickness, shade and translucency on the transmitted irradiance and the Knoop microhardness (KHN) of a light-cured resin cement at two depths. One hundred and thirty-five ceramic discs of IPS e.max Press (Ivoclar Vivadent) were fabricated and divided into twenty-seven groups (n = 5) according to the association between translucency: HT (hight translucency), LT (low translucency), and MO (medium opacity); shade: BL2, A1 and A3.5; and thickness: 0.5 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2.0 mm. One side of each ceramic disc was finished, polished and glazed. The irradiance (mW/cm²) of a multiwave LED light curing unit (Valo, Ultradent) was evaluated with a potentiometer (Ophir 10ª-V2-SH, Ophir Optronics) without (control group) or with interposition of ceramic samples. The microhardness of Variolink Esthetic LC resin cement (Ivoclar Vivadent) was evaluated after 24 h at two depths (100 µm and 700 µm). Data were submitted to ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Irradiance and KHN were significantly influenced by ceramic thickness (p < 0.0001), shade (p < 0.001), translucency (p < 0.0001) and depth (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: the interposition of increasing ceramic thicknesses significantly reduced the irradiance and microhardness of resin cement. Increased depth in the resin cement showed significantly reduced microhardness for all studied groups. Increased ceramic opacity reduced the KHN of the resin cement at both depths for all ceramic thicknesses and shades.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the application mode of three universal adhesive systems on interfacial physical properties of indirect composite restorations adhesively cemented to dentin cavities. Seventy-eight bovine lower incisors were selected and a slice of dentin (thickness: 2 mm) between the buccal surface and pulp chamber was obtained for each tooth. Conical cavities were made on this surface. The internal walls of the cavities were then coated with a hydrophilic gel, filled with composite resin and photopolymerized. The dentin/cone sets were divided into 6 groups (n=10) according to type of universal adhesive (TETRI: Tetric N Bond, FUT: Futura Bond U, SBU: Single Bond Universal) and acid etching on dentin (A: with acid etching; WA: without acid etching). The acid etching and the adhesive systems were applied to the surface of the dentin. All composite resin cones were sandblasted (Al2O3, 20 s) and silanized. After surface treatment, the cones were cemented (RelyX Ultimate) into the dentin cavity and photopolymerized. After thermocycling (10,000 cycles), samples were submitted to marginal adaptation analysis (using caries detector dye), push-out test (0.5 mm/min), and failure mode analysis. Additional samples were prepared for nanoleakage analysis (SEM). The data (MPa) were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-test (5%). The groups in which the dentin was acid etched showed significantly lower bond strength values in the push-out test (p<0.01). Dentin acid etching significantly reduced the bond strength between universal adhesive systems and dentin in indirect restorative procedures.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the application mode of three universal adhesive systems on interfacial physical properties of indirect composite restorations adhesively cemented to dentin cavities. Seventy-eight bovine lower incisors were selected and a slice of dentin (thickness: 2 mm) between the buccal surface and pulp chamber was obtained for each tooth. Conical cavities were made on this surface. The internal walls of the cavities were then coated with a hydrophilic gel, filled with composite resin and photopolymerized. The dentin/cone sets were divided into 6 groups (n=10) according to type of universal adhesive (TETRI: Tetric N Bond, FUT: Futura Bond U, SBU: Single Bond Universal) and acid etching on dentin (A: with acid etching; WA: without acid etching). The acid etching and the adhesive systems were applied to the surface of the dentin. All composite resin cones were sandblasted (Al2O3, 20 s) and silanized. After surface treatment, the cones were cemented (RelyX Ultimate) into the dentin cavity and photopolymerized. After thermocycling (10,000 cycles), samples were submitted to marginal adaptation analysis (using caries detector dye), push-out test (0.5 mm/min), and failure mode analysis. Additional samples were prepared for nanoleakage analysis (SEM). The data (MPa) were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-test (5%). The groups in which the dentin was acid etched showed significantly lower bond strength values in the push-out test (p<0.01). Dentin acid etching significantly reduced the bond strength between universal adhesive systems and dentin in indirect restorative procedures.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do modo de aplicação de três sistemas adesivos universais nas propriedades físicas interfaciais de restaurações indiretas de compósito adesivamente cimentadas a cavidades dentinária. Setenta e oito incisivos inferiores bovinos foram selecionados e uma fatia de dentina (espessura: 2 mm) entre a face vestibular e a câmara pulpar foi obtida para cada dente. Cavidades cônicas foram feitas nesta superfície. As paredes internas das cavidades foram então revestidas com um gel hidrofílico, preenchidas com resina composta, e fotopolimerizados. Os conjuntos dentina/cone foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=10) de acordo com o tipo de adesivo universal (TETRI: Tetric N Bond, FUT: Futura Bond U, SBU: Single Bond Universal) e ácido na dentina (A: com condicionamento ácido; WA: sem condicionamento ácido). O condicionamento ácido e os sistemas adesivos foram aplicados na superfície da dentina. Todos os cones de resina composta foram jateados (Al2O3, 20 s) e silanizados. Após o tratamento superficial, os cones foram cimentados (RelyX Ultimate) na cavidade dentinária e fotopolimerizados. Após a termociclagem (10.000 ciclos), as amostras foram submetidas a análise de adaptação marginal (usando corante detector de carie), teste push-out (0,5 mm/min) e análise do modo de falha. Amostras adicionais foram preparadas para análise de nanoinfiltração (MEV). Os dados (MPa) foram analisados por ANOVA dois fatores e pós-teste de Tukey (5%). Os grupos em que a dentina foi condicionada por ácido apresentaram valores significativamente menores de resistência de união no teste push-out (p<0,01). O condicionamento ácido da dentina reduziu significativamente a resistência de união entre sistemas adesivos universais e dentina em procedimentos restauradores indiretos.

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OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of different restorative techniques for non-carious cervical lesions (NCCL) on polymerization shrinkage stress of resins using three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA). METHODS: 3D-models of a maxillary premolar with a NCCL restored with different filling techniques (bulk filling and incremental) were generated to be compared by nonlinear FEA. The bulk filling technique was used for groups B (NCCL restored with Filtek™ Bulk Fill) and C (Filtek™ Z350 XT). The incremental technique was subdivided according to mode of application: P (2 parallel increments of the Filtek™ Z350 XT), OI (2 oblique increments of the Filtek™ Z350 XT, with incisal first), OIV (2 oblique increments of the Filtek™ Z350 XT, with incisal first and increments with the same volume), OG (2 oblique increments of the Filtek™ Z350 XT, with gingival first) and OGV (2 oblique increments of the Filtek™ Z350 XT, with gingival first and increments with the same volume), resulting in 7 models. All materials were considered isotropic, elastic and linear. The results were expressed in maximum principal stress (MPS). RESULTS: The tension stress distribution was influenced by the restorative technique. The lowest stress concentration occurred in group B followed by OG, OGV, OI, OIV, P and C; the incisal interface was more affected than the gingival. CONCLUSION: The restoration of NCCLs with bulk fill composite resulted in lower shrinkage stress in the gingival and incisal areas, followed by incremental techniques with the initial increment placed on the gingival wall. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) restored with bulk fill composite have a more favorable biomechanical behavior.

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The use of a free-radical polymerization inhibitor, butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), and a common photo-initiator, camphorquinone (CQ), to reduce polymerization stress in dental composite was investigated in this study. Samples were prepared by mixing Bis-GMA, UDMA, and TEGDMA at a 1:1:1 ratio (wt%), and silanized borosilicate glass fillers at 70 wt% were added to form the composite. Sixteen groups of resin composite were prepared using combinations of four CQ (0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) and four BHT (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) concentrations. For each group, six properties were tested, including flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), degree of conversion (DC), contraction stress (CS), stress rate, and gel point (GP). The effects of CQ and BHT combinations on each of these properties were evaluated using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's Protected Least Significant Differences test at the 5% significance level. Groups with low CQ and BHT showed moderate values for FS, FM, and CS with a 70% DC. Increasing the BHT concentration caused a decrease in CS and DC with an increase in GP values. Increasing the CQ content led to a steady increase in values for FS and FM. High CQ and BHT combinations showed the most promising values for mechanical properties with low stress values.

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Abstract The use of a free-radical polymerization inhibitor, butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), and a common photo-initiator, camphorquinone (CQ), to reduce polymerization stress in dental composite was investigated in this study. Samples were prepared by mixing Bis-GMA, UDMA, and TEGDMA at a 1:1:1 ratio (wt%), and silanized borosilicate glass fillers at 70 wt% were added to form the composite. Sixteen groups of resin composite were prepared using combinations of four CQ (0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) and four BHT (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) concentrations. For each group, six properties were tested, including flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), degree of conversion (DC), contraction stress (CS), stress rate, and gel point (GP). The effects of CQ and BHT combinations on each of these properties were evaluated using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's Protected Least Significant Differences test at the 5% significance level. Groups with low CQ and BHT showed moderate values for FS, FM, and CS with a 70% DC. Increasing the BHT concentration caused a decrease in CS and DC with an increase in GP values. Increasing the CQ content led to a steady increase in values for FS and FM. High CQ and BHT combinations showed the most promising values for mechanical properties with low stress values.

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To evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of a fluoride-containing adhesive system submitted to a pH-cycling and storage time regimen for primary outcomes. As secondary outcomes the fluoride released amount was evaluated. Twelve dentin surfaces from sound third molar were divided into 2 groups according to adhesive systems: Clearfil SE Protect (PB) and Clearfil SE Bond (SE). Sticks obtained (1.0 mm2) from teeth were randomly divided into 3 subgroups according to storage regimen model: immediate (24h); 5-month deionized water (W); and pH-cycling model (C). All sticks were tested for µTBS in a universal testing machine. Fluoride concentration was obtained from 1-4 days and 30-day in W and 1-4 days in demineralization (DE)/remineralization (RE) solutions from C, using a fluoride-specific electrode. µTBS and fluoride released data were, respectively, submitted to ANOVA in a split plot design and Tukey, and Friedman' tests (a=0.05). There was no significant interaction between adhesive system and storage regimen for µTBS. W showed the lowest µTBS values. There was no significant difference between 24 h and C models for µTBS. There was no significant difference between adhesive systems. Failure mode was predominantly cohesive within composite for the 24 h and W, for the C group it was mixed for SE and cohesive within composite for PB adhesive system. Fluoride concentrations in the DE/RE solutions were less than 0.03125 ppm and not detected in W. In conclusion, the fluoride-containing adhesive system performed similarly to the regular one. Hydrolytic degradation is the main problem with both adhesive systems, regardless of fluoride contents.

O objetivo principal desse estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união à microtração de dois sistemas adesivos (com e sem flúor) após a ciclagem de pH e armazenagem em água deionizada. A quantidade de flúor liberada foi avaliada secundariamente. Doze terceiros molares hígidos foram separados em 2 grupos de acordo com o sistema adesivo: Clearfil SE Protect - com flúor (PB) e Clearfil SE Bond - sem flúor (SE). Os palitos (1 mm2) obtidos do mesmo dente foram aleatoriamente divididos em 3 subgrupos de acordo com o meio de armazenagem: em água deionizada por 24h ou 5 meses e ciclagem de pH. Os palitos foram tracionados em uma máquina de ensaio universal a 0,5 mm/min. A concentração de flúor foi analisada em água deionizada (1-4 dias e 30 dias) e na solução remineralizadora e desmineralizadora (1-4 dias) usando um eletrodo específico. Os dados de resistência de união e liberação de flúor foram, respectivamente, submetidos à Análise de Variância em esquema de parcela subdividida e ao teste de Friedman (a=0,05). Não houve nenhuma interação significativa na resistência de união entre os sistemas adesivos e os meios de armazenagem. Os menores valores de resistência de união à microtração foram encontrados para os palitos armazenados em água deionizada. Não houve nenhuma diferença significativa nos valores de resistência de união após 24h e ciclagem de pH. Nenhuma diferença significativa na resistência de união foi observada entre os 2 sistemas adesivos. O modo de falha foi predominantemente coesivo em compósito para os grupos armazenados em água por 24h ou 5 meses para ambos os sistemas adesivos. No grupo submetido à ciclagem, a falha foi mista para o SE e coesiva em compósito para o PB. A concentração de flúor nas soluções DE/RE foi menor que 0,03125 ppm e não detectada em água deionizada. Concluindo, o sistema adesivo com flúor (PB) apresentou performance similar ao sistema adesivo sem flúor (SE). A degradação hidrolítica foi o principal fator para ambos os sistemas adesivos, independente da adição de flúor.

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To evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of a fluoride-containing adhesive system submitted to a pH-cycling and storage time regimen for primary outcomes. As secondary outcomes the fluoride released amount was evaluated. Twelve dentin surfaces from sound third molar were divided into 2 groups according to adhesive systems: Clearfil SE Protect (PB) and Clearfil SE Bond (SE). Sticks obtained (1.0 mm2) from teeth were randomly divided into 3 subgroups according to storage regimen model: immediate (24h); 5-month deionized water (W); and pH-cycling model (C). All sticks were tested for µTBS in a universal testing machine. Fluoride concentration was obtained from 1-4 days and 30-day in W and 1-4 days in demineralization (DE)/remineralization (RE) solutions from C, using a fluoride-specific electrode. µTBS and fluoride released data were, respectively, submitted to ANOVA in a split plot design and Tukey, and Friedman' tests (a=0.05). There was no significant interaction between adhesive system and storage regimen for µTBS. W showed the lowest µTBS values. There was no significant difference between 24 h and C models for µTBS. There was no significant difference between adhesive systems. Failure mode was predominantly cohesive within composite for the 24 h and W, for the C group it was mixed for SE and cohesive within composite for PB adhesive system. Fluoride concentrations in the DE/RE solutions were less than 0.03125 ppm and not detected in W. In conclusion, the fluoride-containing adhesive system performed similarly to the regular one. Hydrolytic degradation is the main problem with both adhesive systems, regardless of fluoride contents.

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OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to evaluate, in vitro, the thickness of immediate dentin sealing (IDS) materials on full crown preparations and its effect on the fracture load of a reinforced all-ceramic crown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SIXTY PREMOLARS RECEIVED FULL CROWN PREPARATION AND WERE DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING GROUPS ACCORDING TO THE IDS TECHNIQUE: G1-control; G2-Clearfil SE Bond; and G3-Clearfil SE Bond and Protect Liner F. After the impressions were taken, the preparations were temporized with acrylic resin crowns. IPS empress 2 restorations were fabricated and later cemented on the preparations with Panavia F. 10 specimens from each group were submitted to fracture load testing. The other 10 specimens were sectioned buccolingually before the thicknesses of Panavia F, Clearfil SE Bond and Protect Liner F were measured in 10 different positions using a microscope. RESULTS: According to analysis of variance and Tukey's test, the fracture load of Group 3 (1300 N) was significantly higher than that of Group 1 (1001 N) (P < 0.01). Group 2 (1189 N) was not significantly different from Groups 1 and 3. The higher thickness of Clearfil SE Bond was obtained in the concave part of the preparation. Protect Liner F presented a more uniform range of values at different positions. The thickness of Panavia F was higher in the occlusal portion of the preparation. CONCLUSIONS: The film thickness formed by the IDS materials is influenced by the position under the crown, suggesting its potential to increase the fracture load of the IPS empress 2 ceramic crowns.

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This in vitro study evaluated the Knoop hardness of the composite resins Charisma (C) and Durafill VS (D) polymerized in 3 different conditions: at room temperature (A) (23 +/- 1 degrees C); refrigerated at 4 +/- 1 degrees C and immediately photo-activated after removal from the refrigerator (0); and, refrigerated at 4 +/- 1 degrees C and photo-activated after a bench time of 15 min at room temperature (15). One hundred and twenty specimens (4 mm diameter and 2 mm depth) were made using a stainless steel mold and following manufacturer's instructions. All specimens were tested immediately after polymerization (I) and after 7 days of water storage in the dark at room temperature (7d). The data were subjected to ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's test (alpha=0.05). On the top surface, C(AI) was statistically similar to C(15I) and D(AI) to D(15I) (p>0.05). On the bottom surface, C(AI) presented higher hardness values when compared to COI and C(15I) (p<0.05). The D groups showed no significant differences (p>0.05) on the bottom surfaces for any tested polymerization condition. After 7 days of storage, the Knoop hardness decreased significantly (p<0.05) for groups C(7d) and D(7d) except for C(07d), which was not different from C(OI) at either surface (p>0.05). D(07d) showed higher Knoop hardness (p<0.05) values on the top surface when compared to the other groups.

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This in vitro study evaluated the Knoop hardness of the composite resins Charisma® (C) and Durafill VS® (D) polymerized in 3 different conditions: at room temperature (A) (23 ± 1°C); refrigerated at 4 ± 1°C and immediately photo-activated after removal from the refrigerator (0); and, refrigerated at 4 ± 1°C and photo-activated after a bench time of 15 min at room temperature (15). One hundred and twenty specimens (4 mm diameter and 2 mm depth) were made using a stainless steel mold and following manufacturer's instructions. All specimens were tested immediately after polymerization (I) and after 7 days of water storage in the dark at room temperature (7d). The data were subjected to ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's test (a=0.05). On the top surface, CAI was statistically similar to C15I and DAI to D15I (p>0.05). On the bottom surface, CAI presented higher hardness values when compared to COI and C15I (p<0.05). The D groups showed no significant differences (p>0.05) on the bottom surfaces for any tested polymerization condition. After 7 days of storage, the Knoop hardness decreased significantly (p<0.05) for groups C7d and D7d except for C07d, which was not different from COI at either surface (p>0.05). D07d showed higher Knoop hardness (p<0.05) values on the top surface when compared to the other groups.

O objetivo do presente estudo in vitro foi avaliar a dureza Knoop das resinas compostas, uma resina híbrida (Charisma - C) e uma de micropartículas (Durafill VS - D) quando polimerizadas à temperatura ambiente (A) (23 ± 1°C); refrigeradas (4 ± 1°C) e fotoativadas imediatamente após a remoção do refrigerador (0); e refrigeradas (4 ± 1°C), com tempo de espera de 15 min após a remoção do refrigerador para fotoativação (15). Cento e vinte corpos-de-prova com 4 mm de diâmetro por 2 mm de altura foram confeccionados em uma matriz de aço inoxidável. Cada corpo-de-prova foi testado imediatamente após a fotoativação (I) e, após 7 dias de armazenamento (7d) em ambiente escuro com umidade relativa a 100 por cento, à temperatura do ambiente (23 ± 1°C). Quando testada imediatamente após a polimerização, na superfície de topo CAI foi estatisticamente semelhante à C15I e DAI à D15I. Na base, a resina composta CAI, teve maiores valores de dureza quando comparados à COI e C15I. Os grupos do material D não mostraram diferenças significantes com relação ao efeito da refrigeração na base. Sete dias após, os valores de dureza Knoop caíram tanto para C7d quanto para D7d com exceção de C07d que não diferiu de C07d nas diferentes superfícies, e D07d que mostrou maiores valores de dureza no topo.

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This study evaluated: (1) the effect of different ceramics on light attenuation that could affect microhardness, measured as the Knoop Hardness Number (KHN), of a resin cement immediately and 24 hours after polymerization and (2) the effect of different activation modes (direct light-activation, light activation through ceramics and chemical activation) on the KHN of a resin cement. Resin cement Rely XARC (3M ESPE) specimens 5.0 mm in diameter and 1.0 mm thickwere made in a Teflon mold covered with a polyester film. The cement was directly light activated for 40 seconds with an XL 2500 curing unit (3M ESPE) with 650 mW/cm2, light activated through ceramic discs of Duceram Plus (DeguDent), Cergogold (DeguDent), IPS Empress (Ivoclar), IPS Empress 2 (Ivoclar), Procera (NobelBiocare), In Ceram Alumina (Vita) and Cercon (DeguDent), having a 1.2 mm thickness or chemically activatedwith-out light application. The resin cement specimens were flattened, and KHN wasobtained using an HMV 2 microhardnesstester (Shimadzu) with a load of 50 g applied for 15 seconds 100 microm from the irradiated surface immediately and after storage at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Ten measurements were made for each specimen, with three specimens for each group at each time. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (p = 0.05). The KHN of the resin cement was not only affected by the mode of activation, but also by the post-activation testing time. The mean KHN of the resin cementfor chemical activation and through all ceramics showed statistically significant lower values compared to direct activation immediately and at 24 hours. The KHN for 24 hourspost-activation was always superior to the immediate post-activation test except with direct activation. The most opaque ceramics resulted in the lowest KHN values.

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STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Surface treatment is an essential step in bonding a ceramic to resin. Alumina ceramics are particularly difficult to prepare for adequate bonding to composite resin cements. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength between a densely sintered alumina ceramic and bovine dentin with 2 adhesive resin cements and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement using an extrusion shear strength test. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Alumina cones (n=30), 4 mm in height, 3 mm in diameter at the small end, and with an 8-degree taper, were fabricated. Without any treatment, the cones were cemented in a standardized cavity in 2.5-mm-thick bovine dentin discs using 1 of 3 cement systems: Panavia F, RelyX ARC, or RelyX Luting. The cements were manipulated following the manufacturers' instructions. After 24 hours of storage at 37 degrees C, an extrusion shear test was performed in a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min until bonding failure. The data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (alpha=.05). All fractured specimens were examined at x25 magnification and classified by fracture mode. Representative specimens were selected for SEM observation. RESULTS: The highest strength values were obtained with Panavia F, and they were significantly higher (P<.05) than each of the other 2 cements, which were not significantly different from each other. Panavia F resulted in predominantly mixed failure and RelyX ARC and RelyX Vitremer showed primarily adhesive failure. CONCLUSIONS: An MDP-containing adhesive system (Panavia F) provides better extrusion bond strength to a high-density alumina ceramic than a Bis-GMA resin luting agent system (RelyX ARC) or a resin-modified glass ionomer cement system (RelyX Luting).

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This in vitro study compared three different methods to evaluate detectable levels of microleakage in Class II restorations placed with five commercially available packable resin composites: Alert, Glacier, Pyramid, Solitaire 2 and SureFil. A flowable resin composite, Flow-It, was used to line all packable composites. The hybrid resin composite Z100 was also included. The adhesive system used with all groups was Scotchbond MultiPurpose Plus. Standard Class II cavities were prepared on the mesial (enamel margins) and distal (dentin margins) sides of the teeth with no communication between them. Based on a power analysis, 180 permanent human molars were randomly assign to each of six groups with 30 specimens per group. All restorative materials were placed following manufacturers' recommendations. Following restoration and thermocycling, the specimens were stored at room temperature in solutions of 45Ca, methylene blue and rhodamine B, sequentially. Microleakage was ordinal scored as 1 (no penetration), 2 (penetration up to one-third of the cervical floor), 3 (penetration beyond one-third of the cervical floor to the axial wall) and 4 (penetration along the axial wall) by two independent evaluators. Analysis of the occlusal surfaces was also accomplished following the same scheme. In this study, tracers/dyes were evaluated for differences in penetration using generalized estimating equation methodology applied to cumulative logistic regression models. The results showed that Rhodamine B detected more microleakage than 45Ca or methylene blue, and 45Ca generally detected more microleakage than methylene blue.

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