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This pilot study deals with the long-term results from lipiodol-epirubicin chemo-embolisation in 25 patients with hepatocellular or cholangiocellular carcinomas. In a three-and-a-half year follow-up period 16 of these 25 patients died, maximum survival time being 28.4 months. Survival varied from 9.2 to 28.4 months compared with a survival time of 2-8 months in untreated patients. In this case hypervascular tumours have a better prognosis than the rarer hypovascular tumours due to the improved deposition and activity of the chemotherapeutic agent inside the tumour itself.

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The double supply of the liver allows one to perform specific embolisation of liver carcinomas since these are mostly supplied arterially. According to their occlusion characteristics--central, peripheral, capillary--different embolising materials are suitable for tumour embolisation under varying conditions. Oily substances cause capillary occlusion and can be used in conjunction with chemotherapeutic agents. This study deals with the results from lipiodol-epirubicin embolisation in 25 patients with hepatocarcinomas and cholangiocarcinomas. In a three-and-a-half year follow-up period 16 of these 25 patients died, maximum survival time being 28.4 months. Survival varied from 9.2 to 28.4 months compared with a survival time of 2-8 months in untreated patients. In this case hypervascular tumours have a better prognosis than the rarer hypovascular tumours because of improved deposition and activity of the chemotherapeutic agent.

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The dual blood supply of the liver allows embolization therapy of malignant liver tumors nearly complete supplied by arterial vessels. The last three years we treated 25 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma by transcatheter arterial chemotherapy using iodized oil and anticancer agents suspension. The survival rate of untreated patients ranges between 1.6 and 2.5 months. Five patients died within two weeks to 9.7 months following embolization. Twenty of these patients are alive with survival rates of 1 to 22.9 months following the procedure. Because of the low procedural morbidity, transcatheter embolization is superior to surgical dearterialization or systemic chemotherapy.

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Between 1981 and 1987, 53 of 102 patients with malignant diseases of the oesophagus underwent bypass surgery with gastric, colonic or jejunic interposition. To recognise the early or later complications, we used X-ray examination of the chest, water soluble contrast medium and barium meal, real-time sonography and CT. With these methods we found insufficiencies of anastomosis, stenosis, fistulae to the adjacent organs, necrosis, infections, erosions and ulcerations of the anastomosis, pleuropulmonary complications and metastases. Without of early complications were 30%, without of late complications only 8% of all patients.

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Five to seven years after aortoiliac prosthetic reconstruction 29 patients were examined by sonography (Doppler and real-time), CT and intravenous DSA. Doppler-sonography showed findings due to occlusion, stenosis and severe arteriosclerotic changing. By DSA these changing could be shown and exactly localised. CT demonstrated marginal thrombosis of the bypass lumen, aneurysms and fine paravascular fibrosis. So Doppler-sonography and DSA both bring functional and morphological, real-time sonography and CT morphological informations. The methods are complementary.

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To investigate the hemodynamics of intracranial circulatory arrest, the authors correlated the findings of noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) with those of transfemoral four-vessel angiography in 65 patients following brain death and intracranial circulatory arrest due to severe intracranial hypertension. The three TCD stages of intracranial circulatory arrest, which have been described previously, corresponded with different levels of extracerebral angiographic cessation of flow. With TCD progression from the first stage (oscillating flow) to the third stage (no flow), the level where the dye stopped descended caudad from subarachnoid to cervical levels. The study shows that, in progressing intracranial hypertension, arterial circulatory standstill within the cranial cavity develops in a distal-to-proximal direction. The basal cerebral arteries remain patent in the early stages of intracranial circulatory arrest. Experimental evidence from the literature, together with the findings of the present investigation, points to the capillary bed as the initial site of the flow obstruction in progressing intracranial hypertension.

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To examine alterations of the kallikrein-kinin system and of the complement due to the bolus injection of newer non-ionic contrast agents, venous blood samples were taken before and 3 min after angiography. There were no adverse contrast reactions clinically evident. Prekallikrein, kallikrein inhibition, beta-factor XIIa inhibition, C1-esterase inhibitor, C1q, C3, ATIII, HMW-kininogen, fibrinogen and factor XII were determined. Bolus injection of the contrast medium caused an activation of the kallikrein-kinin system (p less than 0.05) with reduction of prekallikrein, kallikrein-inhibition, beta-factor XIIa inhibition and C1-esterase inhibitor. The levels of C1q and C3 were also decreased (p less than 0.05) indicating an activation of the complement. Our results demonstrate, that angiography causes a significant activation of the kallikrein-kinin as well as of the complement system in spite of the use of newer non-ionic contrast agents.

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Conventional ionic contrast media (sodium meglumine and amidotrizoate) were injected intravenously in 22 patients (group A); the nonionic, low-osmolar contrast medium iohexol was similarly administered to 24 patients (group B). This resulted in a significant (group A: P less than 0.05; group B: P less than 0.01) reduction in prekallikrein (93 and 94%, respectively), inhibition of kallikrein (90 and 88%), beta-factor XIIa inhibition (86 and 85%), and C1 inhibition (90 and 91%). Factor XII levels remained unchanged in both groups. These results indicate that the kallikrein-kinin system is activated even during routine, complication-free radiographic procedures involving contrast-media injection. There was no difference between ionic and nonionic contrast media.

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Of 114 patients with Hodgkin's disease reviewed, 13 (11%) had bone involvement. The typical osseous lesion in Hodgkin's disease is a secondary manifestation in the axial skeleton. The lesions are mainly lytic; there is no relation between the site of the affection and the character of the lesion. Of 261 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 19 (7.3%) had bone involvement. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma very rarely affects the bone primarily; these lesions are lytic. Involvement of the appendicular skeleton is reported to by typical; this cannot be confirmed by our study. Most secondary osseous lesions in non-Hodgkin lymphoma are found in the cranium, the spine and the sternum; this pattern of distribution as well as the mainly lytic appearance can be considered typical.

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To determine the radiographic appearance of prosthetic heart valves 15 different models were investigated in situ. Fluoroscopy with detail radiographs and standard chest-radiographs were used for identification of the specific type of the prosthesis, for determination of details of the valve apparatus and for evaluation of the motion of the valve disc/ball. Fluoroscopy and routine radiographs provided sufficient information to identify all prosthetic heart valves with exception of the Xenomedica bioprosthesis. If radiopaque material was used for the valve disc/ball, fluoroscopic assessment of the function of the valve was possible. Thus, in most types of disc or ball valves the opening/closing of the valve can be visualized, whereas in bioprosthesis a radiological determination of the mechanical function is not possible.

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With a rate of 87.7% of exact diagnoses, sonography is a proven method to find intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal manifestations of malignant system diseases. It is not stressing or invasive and can be frequently repeated; needing less expenditure and involving no risks, it can bear comparison with lymphographic methods and is important in the classification of stages of lymphatic system diseases. During one examination, enlarged organs and infiltrations in form of focuses in the parenchymatous organs can be diagnosed, and vessels and formations of lymphomas can be seen within their topographic connection. Independently from their drainage ways, all enlarged lymph nodes, also those situated in areas not accessible by lymphography like the hilus of liver, spleen, kidney, and retrohepatic, mesenteric, and intraperitoneal regions, can be visualized even without administration of a contrast medium. The method offers the possibility of frequent control examinations during radiotherapy or chemotherapy; possible recurrences can be early detected. However, manifestations of a malignant system disease in the lymph nodes can be hardly discerned from metastases of a primary tumor localized in another region. Despite this disadvantage, sonography keeps the first rank in the gradual application of image-producing diagnostic methods (sonography, CT, lymphography).

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Ultrasound examination of the parotid by grey-scale real time is a method which has hardly been used so far. By using a high resolution 5 MHz probe and a water bag, it is possible to obtain detailed information concerning the type, extent, margins and consistency of pathological changes in the parotid. The margins of benign lesions are always clearly defined, whereas malignant processes usually have ill-defined margins. Further differentiation is possible from the type of echo. Normal parotids have a homogeneous structure, similar to the thyroid, with a medium to bright grey-scale value; solid, cystic or inflammatory lesions present irregular or inhomogeneous structures. The sonographic appearances are illustrated by the findings in 43 patients and are compared with their histology.

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Portal hypertension is the most common complication of cirrhosis of the liver and leads to a reversal of blood flow and re-opening of pre-formed portal-systemic collaterals. Amongst a variety of possible hepato-fugal collaterals, the Cruveilhier-von Baumgarten syndrome, consisting of the re-opening of umbilical veins, is a rare variant. It has been possible to demonstrate this clearly by sonography in 18 patients.

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