RESUMEN
In this paper, we investigate how changes in the system entropy influence the characteristic time scale of the system molecular dynamics near the glass transition. Independently of any model of thermodynamic evolution of the time scale, against some previous suppositions, we show that the system entropy S is not sufficient to govern the time scale defined by structural relaxation time τ. In the density scaling regime, we argue that the decoupling between τ and S is a consequence of different values of the scaling exponents γ and γ(S) in the density scaling laws, τ=f(ρ(γ)/T) and S=h(ρ(γ(S))/T), where ρ and T denote density and temperature, respectively. It implies that the proper relation between τ and S requires supplementing with a density factor, u(ρ), i.e., τ=g(u(ρ)w(S)). This meaningful finding additionally demonstrates that the density scaling idea can be successfully used to separate physically relevant contributions to the time scale of molecular dynamics near the glass transition. The relation reported by us between τ and S constitutes a general pattern based on nonconfigurational quantities for describing the thermodynamic evolution of the characteristic time scale of molecular dynamics near the glass transition in the density scaling regime, which is a promising alternative to the approaches based as the Adam-Gibbs model on the configurational entropy that is difficult to evaluate in the entire thermodynamic space. As an example, we revise the Avramov entropic model of the dependence τ(T,ρ), giving evidence that its entropic basis has to be extended by the density dependence of the maximal energy barrier for structural relaxation. We also discuss the excess entropy S(ex), the density scaling of which is found to mimic the density scaling of the total system entropy S.
RESUMEN
Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) measurements and broadband dielectric spectroscopy were carried out to investigate molecular dynamics and to test the validity of thermodynamic scaling of two homologous compounds of pharmaceutical activity: itraconazole and ketoconazole in the wide range of thermodynamic conditions. The pressure coefficients of the glass transition temperature (dT(g)/dp) for itraconazole and ketoconazole were determined to be equal to 183 and 228 K/GPa, respectively. However, for itraconazole, the additional transition to the nematic phase was observed and characterized by the pressure coefficient dT(n)/dp = 258 K/GPa. From PVT and dielectric data, we obtained that the liquid-nematic phase transition is governed by the relaxation time since it occurred at constant τ(α) = 10(-5) s. Furthermore, we plotted the obtained relaxation times as a function of T(-1)v(-γ), which has revealed that the validity of thermodynamic scaling with the γ exponent equals to 3.69 ± 0.04 and 3.64 ± 0.03 for itraconazole and ketoconazole, respectively. Further analysis of the scaling parameter in itraconazole revealed that it unexpectedly decreases with increasing relaxation time, which resulted in dramatic change of the shape of the thermodynamic scaling master curve. While in the case of ketoconazole, it remained the same within entire range of data (within experimental uncertainty). We suppose that in case of itraconazole, this peculiar behavior is related to the liquid crystals' properties of itraconazole molecule.
Asunto(s)
Itraconazol/química , Cetoconazol/química , Transición de Fase , Termodinámica , Humanos , Itraconazol/uso terapéutico , Cetoconazol/uso terapéutico , Cristales Líquidos/química , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Temperatura de TransiciónRESUMEN
The fragility parameter has been acknowledged as one of the most important characteristics of glass-forming liquids. We show that the mystery of the dramatic change in molecular dynamics of systems approaching the glass transition can be better understood by the high pressure study of fragility parameters defined in different thermodynamic conditions. We formulate and experimentally confirm a few rules obeyed by the fragility parameters, which are also rationalized by the density scaling law and its modification suggested for associated liquids. In this way, we successfully explore and gain a new insight into the pressure effect on molecular dynamics of van der Waals liquids, polymer melts, ionic liquids, and hydrogen-bonded systems near the glass transition.
RESUMEN
In this work we examine, for the first time, the molar conductivity behavior of the deeply supercooled room temperature ionic liquid [C4mim][NTf2] in the temperature, pressure and volume thermodynamic space in terms of density scaling (TV(γ))(-1) combined with the equation of state (EOS). The exponent γσ determined from the Avramov model analysis is compared with the coefficient obtained from the viscosity studies carried out at moderate temperatures. Therefore, the experimental results presented herein provide the answer to the long-standing question regarding the validity of thermodynamic scaling of ionic liquids over a wide temperature range, i.e. from the normal liquid state to the glass transition point. Finally, we investigate the relationship between the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of [C4mim][NTf2] represented by scaling exponent γ and Grüneisen constant γG, respectively.
RESUMEN
In this Letter we report the relation between ionic conductivity and structural relaxation in supercooled protic ionic liquids (PILs) under high pressure. The results of high-pressure dielectric and volumetric measurements, combined with rheological and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry experiments, have revealed a fundamental difference between the conducting properties under isothermal and isobaric conditions for three PILs with different charge transport mechanisms (Grotthuss vs vehicle). Our findings indicate a breakdown of the fractional Stokes-Einstein relation and Walden rule when the ionic transport is controlled by fast proton hopping. Consequently, we demonstrate that the studied PILs exhibit significantly higher conductivity than one would expect taking into account that they are in fact a mixture of ionic and neutral species. Thus, the examined herein samples represent a new class of "superionic" materials desired for many advanced applications.
RESUMEN
Broadband dielectric spectroscopy and pressure-temperature-volume methods are employed to investigate the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the conductivity relaxation time (τσ), both in the supercooled and glassy states of protic ionic liquid lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate. Due to the decoupling between the ion conductivity and structural dynamics, the characteristic change in behavior of τσ(T) dependence, i.e., from Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann-like to Arrhenius-like behavior, is observed. This crossover is a manifestation of the liquid-glass transition of lidocaine HCl. The similar pattern of behavior was also found for pressure dependent isothermal measurements. However, in this case the transition from one simple volume activated law to another was noticed. Additionally, by analyzing the changes of conductivity relaxation times during isothermal densification of the sample, it was found that compression enhances the decoupling of electrical conductivity from the structural relaxation. Herein, we propose a new parameter, dlogRτ∕dP, to quantify the pressure sensitivity of the decoupling phenomenon. Finally, the temperature and volume dependence of τσ is discussed in terms of thermodynamic scaling concept.
Asunto(s)
Líquidos Iónicos/química , Lidocaína/química , Conductividad Eléctrica , Estructura Molecular , Presión , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
We report that the pressure coefficient of the glass transition temperature, dT(g)/dp, which is commonly used to determine the pressure sensitivity of the glass transition temperature T(g), can be predicted in the thermodynamic scaling regime. We show that the equation derived from the isochronal condition combined with the well-known scaling, TV(γ) = const, predicts successfully values of dT(g)/dp for a variety of glass-forming systems, including van der Waals liquids, polymers, and ionic liquids.
RESUMEN
In this paper, we investigate the effect of pressure on the molecular dynamics of protic ionic liquid lidocaine hydrochloride, a commonly used pharmaceutical, by means of dielectric spectroscopy and pressure-temperature-volume methods. We observed that near T(g) the pressure dependence of conductivity relaxation times reveals a peculiar behavior, which can be treated as a manifestation of decoupling between ion migration and structural relaxation times. Moreover, we discuss the validity of thermodynamic scaling in lidocaine HCl. We also employed the temperature-volume Avramov model to determine the value of pressure coefficient of glass transition temperature, dT(g)/dP|(P = 0.1). Finally, we investigate the role of thermal and density fluctuations in controlling of molecular dynamics of the examined compound.
Asunto(s)
Líquidos Iónicos/química , Lidocaína/química , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Presión , TemperaturaRESUMEN
In this paper, we investigate the tautomerization process of glibenclamide drug by monitoring the changes in the specific volume. The density changes observed during the chemical equilibration process, carried out at a pressure of p = 10 MPa and at three different temperatures, enable us to study the kinetics of tautomerization reaction, i.e., to determine the activation energy and to recognize the real time scale of this process at various temperature conditions. The results obtained from analysis of V(sp)(t) dependencies were next compared with the kinetic data previously obtained from dielectric spectroscopy studies.
Asunto(s)
Gliburida/química , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Isomerismo , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Recently, we have studied the mutarotation kinetics in D-fructose by means of dielectric spectroscopy. In the present work we investigate density behavior of D-fructose during mutarotation process. By performing volume measurements at temperature T = 303 K and pressure p = 10 MPa we are able to monitor kinetics of this process. As a result we found nearly the same value of the rate constant as previously determined from dielectric measurements. However, these two experimental methods monitor different molecular aspects of mutarotation phenomenon in D-fructose. Dielectric spectroscopy is sensitive to the decay of former ring as well as to the forming of another, while specific volume measurements are sensitive to the forming of new tautomers only. Calculations of activation energy of mutarotation in D-fructose led us to the conclusion, that mechanism of this reaction in amorphous phase could be based on internal proton transfer. Moreover it was found that the main mutarotation path in quenched D-fructose melt is transformation of α,ß-furanose to ß-pyranose.
Asunto(s)
Fructosa/química , Espectroscopía Dieléctrica , Isomerismo , Cinética , Modelos Moleculares , Temperatura , Termodinámica , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
It was shown recently that ibuprofen revealed a strong tendency to form hydrogen bonded aggregates such as dimers and trimers of either cyclic or linear geometry, which somehow seems to control molecular mobility of that drug [Brás et al. J. Phys. Chem. B2008, 112 (35), 11 087-11 099]. For such hydrogen-bonded liquids, superpositioning of dynamics under various temperature T, pressure P, and volume V conditions, when plotted versus the scaling function of T(-1)V(-γ) (where γ is a material constant), may not always be satisfying. In the present work, we have tested the validity of this scaling for supercooled ibuprofen. In order to do that, pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) measurements combined with isobaric and isothermal dielectric relaxation studies (pressure up to 310 MPa) were carried out. The scaling properties of the examined drug were derived from the fitting of the τ(α)(T,V) dependences to the modified Avramov equation and by analyzing in double logarithmic scale the T(g)(V(g)) dependences, where the glass transition temperature T(g) and volume V(g) were defined for various relaxation times. In view of the obtained results, we conjecture that for ibuprofen the thermodynamic scaling idea works but not perfectly. The slight departure from the scaling behavior is discussed in the context of the hydrogen bonding abilities of the examined system and compared with the results reported for other strongly associated liquids.
Asunto(s)
Ibuprofeno/química , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Enlace de Hidrógeno , Presión , Termodinámica , Factores de Tiempo , Temperatura de TransiciónRESUMEN
In this work we analyzed the structural relaxation times as a function of both temperature and pressure in terms of the entropic models by using dielectric and PVT measurements data presented in our previous research on the ionic liquid verapamil hydrochloride [Z. Wojnarowska, M. Paluch, A. Grzybowski, et al., J. Chem. Phys. 131, 104505 (2009)]. Two different approaches were used to analyze the tau(alpha)(T,P) dependence: the modified Avramov model as well as the pressure extended Adam-Gibbs model in the forms proposed by Casalini (AG(C)) and Schwartz (AG(S)). In every case a satisfactory description of the structural relaxation times was achieved. Additionally, using both mentioned models the pressure dependence of the fragility m(P) and the glass transition temperature T(g) were determined. We also compared the value of dT(g)/dP|(P=0) calculated on the basis of the considered entropic models with the experimental value evaluated in our recent work. Consequently, we were able to estimate which of the examined models in the best way relates the dynamic to the thermodynamic parameters.
Asunto(s)
Cloro/química , Líquidos Iónicos/química , Modelos Químicos , Modelos Moleculares , Verapamilo/química , Simulación por Computador , Entropía , TermodinámicaRESUMEN
Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) experiments were performed to characterize the temperature dependent microstructure of the hole free volume in the low molecular weight glass-former phenyl salicylate (salol). The PALS spectra were analyzed with the new routine LT9.0 and the volume distribution of subnanometer size holes characterized by its mean