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AIM: To evaluate the associations between HbA1c variability and long-term glycemic control with microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients and multiethnic background. METHODS: T1D adults with ≥10 years of follow-up and ≥ 2 HbA1c measurements were included. Glycemic variability was evaluated by the standard deviation (HbA1c-SD), and coefficient of variation (HbA1c-CV), and glycemic control by mean HbA1c over 10 years. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), increased urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) and reduced glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were diagnosed. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) was diagnosed by cardiac reflex tests. Associations between glycemic parameters with complications were assessed by multivariate logistic regressions. RESULTS: 220 patients were included. Simultaneously adjusted for each other, mean HbA1c was independently associated with DR (OR: 2.82; 95%CI: 1.45-5.50), increased UAER (OR: 1.97; 95%CI: 1.14-3.09) and CAN (OR: 4.42; 95%CI: 1.45-13.51); whereas HbA1c-CV was independently associated with DR (OR: 8.93; 95%CI: 1.86-42.87) and reduced eGFR (OR: 7.02; 95%CI: 1.47-35.55). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term glycemic control was associated with DR, increased UAER and CAN, while glycemic variability was additionally associated with DR and impaired renal function; suggesting that both good and stable glycemic status might be important to prevent microvascular complications in T1D patients and multiethnic background.

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OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a confiabilidade da análise visual qualitativa dos achados de imagem de ressonância magnética (RM) em recém-nascidos prematuros extremos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Uma coorte de 45 recém-nascidos de idade gestacional de 30 semanas ou menos foram inseridos neste estudo. Dois neurorradiologistas, cegos quanto aos dados clínicos, avaliaram de forma independente as RMs de crânio em relação aos seguintes achados: presença de hipersinal difuso e excessivo (DEHSI), dilatação dos ventrículos laterais, hemorragia intracraniana, áreas de sinal anormal em núcleos da base e córtex, áreas de aspecto cístico, deformidades ventriculares, dilatação do espaço subaracnóideo, leucoencefalomalácia precoce e anormalidades corticais. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e um pacientes (91,1 por cento) apresentaram exame de RM anormal. Os achados mais comuns foram DEHSI (75,6 por cento) e dilatação dos ventrículos (42,2 por cento). A concordância interobservadores entre os dois experientes neurorradiologistas foi alta (κ > 0,60) para a maioria das alterações detectadas pela RM. O valor de kappa foi moderado (κ = 0,52) para alargamento do espaço subaracnoide e fraco (κ = 0,39) para DEHSI na substância branca. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação qualitativa da maioria dos achados de imagem por RM de neonatos prematuros extremos foi considerada confiável, entretanto, a presença de DEHSI na substância branca demonstrou um grau de confiabilidade menor.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at evaluating the reliability of the qualitative visual assessment of brain abnormalities using conventional brain MRI in extremely preterm infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of 45 consecutive infants with gestational age of 30 weeks or less (median of 27 weeks, ranging from 25 to 30 weeks) was enrolled in this study. Two independent, experienced neuroradiologists blindly reviewed MRI studies of the infants' brain for diffuse and excessive high-signal intensity (DEHSI), dilated lateral ventricles, intracranial hemorrhage, areas of abnormal signal in the basal ganglia and cortex, cyst-like areas, ventricular deformities, enlargement of subarachnoid spaces, early leukoencephalomalacia, and cortical abnormalities. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (91.1 percent) presented abnormalities at MRI. The most common findings were DEHSI in the white matter (75.6 percent) and ventricular dilatation (42.2 percent). The interobserver agreement was high (κ > 0.60) for most of the abnormal MRI findings. The kappa statistic values were moderate for enlargement of the subarachnoid space (κ = 0.52) and was only low for DEHSI in the white matter (κ = 0.39). CONCLUSION: Conventional MRI seems to be a reliable method for evaluating the most common brain abnormalities in extremely premature infants; however, the presence of DEHSI in the white matter demonstrated to be is a less reliable finding.

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