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RESUMO O presente estudo objetivou investigar os motivos de ingresso, interrupção e permanência em cursos de graduação em Educação Física (EDF) de Porto Velho/RO, comparando a Licenciatura (LIC) ao Bacharelado (BAC). Participaram 238 estudantes, que responderam ao questionário. Os motivos de ingresso mais citados foram identificação pessoal e profissional. A necessidade de prover o sustento próprio ou familiar foi o motivo de interrupção mais frequente. O principal motivo de permanência foi o gosto ou a identificação com a EDF. Estudantes de LIC apresentaram menor renda e maior frequência de interrupção do curso. Conclui-se que, embora haja significativas similaridades entre os cursos quanto às variáveis estudadas, existem diferenças entre eles que merecem ser consideradas.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to investigate the reasons for entering, interrupting and staying in undergraduate courses in physical education (EDF) in Porto Velho, comparing licentiate (LIC) and bachelor (BAC) students. 238 students participated, answering the questionnaire. The main reasons were personal identification and professional identification. The need to support themselves or the family was the most frequent reason for interruption. The main reason for staying was liking/identification with EDF. LIC students had lower income and higher frequency of course interruptions. It is concluded that although there are significant similarities between the courses regarding the variables studied, there are differences between them that deserve to be considered.

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los motivos de ingreso, interrupción y permanencia en los cursos de graduación en Educación Física (EDF) en Porto Velho, comparando licenciatura (LIC) y bachillerato (BAC). Participaron 238 alumnos, respondiendo el cuestionario. Las razones más citadas para ingreso fueron identificación personal y profesional. La necesidad de proveer el sustento fue el motivo más frecuente de interrupción. La principal razón para permanencia fue el gusto/identificación con la EDF. Estudiantes de LIC presentaron menor renta familiar y mayor frecuencia de interrupción del curso. Se concluye que si bien existen similitudes significativas entre los cursos en cuanto a las variables estudiadas, existen diferencias entre ellos que merecen ser consideradas.

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Biological interactions play an important role in regulating and maintaining natural populations. Like most interactions, parasitism may be influenced by environmental conditions. Therefore, changes caused by human activity may drastically affect the equilibrium of the assemblages of parasitized organisms (hosts). Herein, we described the composition of hemoparasites of anurans from two distinct environments: forest and oil palm plantations. We identified the most frequent groups of blood parasites, and whether infections differ between habitats (forest and plantation) and between microhabitats (arboreal or terrestrial). We collected 128 anurans, of which 46 (36%) were parasitized by hemoparasites. The genus Trypanosoma spp. was found in 30% (n = 37/128) of the infected anurans in both habitats, recorded mostly in terrestrial anurans in oil palm plantations. Apicomplexa hemoprotozoans were also found in 13% (n=17/128) of the anurans, which mainly were terrestrial species collected in oil palm plantations. There was no difference in parasitism between the two assemblies and between the studied microhabitats. This is the first study that has analyzed the ecological relationship between anurans as hosts and their blood parasites, in a region under intense anthropic pressure, in the Brazilian Amazon.

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A regulamentação da profissão da Educação Física (EDF) deu-se pela Lei Federal nº 9.696/98, através da qual foi criado o Conselho Federal (CONFEF) e os Conselhos Regionais de Educação Física (CREFs). A presente pesquisa, caracterizada como exploratória e descritiva, teve como objetivo explorar e discutir as percepções de docentes de cursos de graduação em EDF de Porto Velho a respeito das atribuições e ações do sistema CONFEF/CREFs. Catorze docentes de cursos de graduação em EDF de duas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) privadas foram entrevistados. Conjuntamente, as análises revelam que os docentes são conhecedores de grande parte das atribuições e competências do sistema CONFEF/CREFs. Todavia, no que diz respeito ao cumprimento dessas, todos os docentes consideram que o sistema revela-se falho, especialmente na fiscalização dos profissionais, na divulgação de suas ações, bem como na valorização, representação e defesa da profissão perante a sociedade.

The regulation of the Physical Education (EDF) profession was given by Federal Law No. 9,696/98, through which the Federal Council (CONFEF) and the Regional Physical Education Councils (CREFs) were created. This research, characterized as exploratory and descriptive, aimed to explore and discuss the perceptions of college professors courses in EDF in Porto Velho regarding the attributions and actions of the CONFEF/CREFs system. Fourteen college professors courses in EDF in two Higher Education Institutions (IES) private were interviewed. Together, the analyzes reveal that teachers are familiar with most of the attributions and competencies of the CONFEF/CREFs system. However, with regard to the fulfillment of these, all college professors consider that the system proves to be flawed, especially in the inspection of professionals, in the disclosure of their actions, as well as in the valorization, representation and defense of the profession before society.

La regulación de la profesión de educación fisica en Brasil fue dada por la ley Federal 9696/98, a través de la cual se crearon el Consejo Federal (CONFEF) y los consejos Regionales de Educación Física (CREFs). La presente investigación, caracterizada como exploratoria y descriptiva, tuvo como objetivo explorar y discutir las percepciones de docentes de curso de graduación en Educación Física en la ciudad de Porto Velho con respecto a las atribuciones y acciones del sistema CONFEF/CREFs. Se entrevistó a catorce docentes de cursos de graduación en Educación Física de dos instituciones privadas de nivel superior en la ciudad mencionada. En conjunto, los análisis revelan que los docentes conocen la mayoría de las atribuciones y competencias del sistema CONFEF/ CREFs. Sin embargo, con respecto al cumplimiento de estos, todos los profesores consideran que el sistema tiene problemas, especialmente en la inspección de profesionales, en la divulgación de sus acciones, así como en la valorización, representación y defensa de la profesión ante la sociedad.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar locais de atuação, motivos de não atuação e satisfação profissional de licenciados em EDF egressos da Universidade Federal de Rondônia. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva quantitativa que empregou questionário próprio e a Escala de Satisfação no Trabalho. Participaram 58 egressos. Os resultados eviden - ciaram que os locais de atuação mais citados foram escolas, academias e clubes. Os principais motivos para não atuação foram desvalorização profissional/salarial, falta de oportunidade e ter concurso público em ou - tra área. Não foram encontradas diferenças quanto à satisfação no tra - balho dos atuantes e não atuantes na EDF e tampouco entre os atuantes no ambiente escolar e não escolar. Conclui-se que a maioria dos sujeitos atuavam na EDF e estavam moderadamente satisfeitos no trabalho.

Objetivo: identificar lugares de actuación, motivos de no actuación y satisfacción profesional de licenciados en EDF egresados de la Universidad Federal de Rondônia. Método: investigación descriptiva cuantitativa que empleó cuestionario propio y la Escala de Satisfacción en el Trabajo. Participaron 58 graduados. Resultados: los lugares de actuación más citados fueron escuelas, academias y clubes. Los principales motivos para no actuación fueron devaluación profesional / salarial, falta de oportunidad y tener concurso público en otra área. No se encontraron diferencias cuanto la satisfacción en el trabajo de los actuantes y no actuantes en la EDF y tampoco entre los actuantes en el ambiente escolar y no escolar. Conclusión: la mayoría de los sujetos actuaban en EDF y estaban moderadamente satisfechos en el trabajo.

Objective: to identify places of acting, reasons for not acting and professional satisfaction of graduates in physical education (EDF) of the Federal University of Rondonia. Methods: Descriptive quantitative research, obtained through self-structured questionnaire and Work Satisfaction Scale (Siqueira, 1995), whit sample of 58 graduates. Results: the most cited places of action were schools, gyms and clubs. The main reasons for not acting were professional/salary devaluation, lack of opportunity and public insolvency. No statistical differences were found between actuators and non-actuators in EDF or between professionals working in the school and non-school. Conclusion: the majority of subjects were working in their area of graduation and were moderately satisfied at work.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The gold standard for the treatment of postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is the epidural blood patch (EBP). Regional techniques-sphenopalatine ganglion block (SPGB), greater occipital nerve block (GONB) and trigger point infiltration (TPI)-can also be used for the treatment of PDPH. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of these peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) in the treatment of PDPH. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted including all patients with PDPH in the obstetrics department of our institution between April 2016 and December 2017. Data were retrieved from clinical records regarding anesthetic technique, symptoms, treatment, Numeric Pain Score (NPS) before and after treatment, among others. RESULTS: We observed 50 cases of PDPH: 25 following spinal anesthesia, 19 following epidural block and 6 following combined spinal-epidural. Of these, seven were managed conservatively and one received EBP as first-line treatment. The remaining 42 patients received PNB as first-line treatment. Of these, 27 received only 1 course of PNB, while 15 received 2 courses. We observed a statistically significant improvement in the NPS after the first course of blocks (n=42), with a reduction of the median NPS by 6.0 (IQR 4.0-7.5; p<0.001). Improvement was also observed after the second course of blocks (n=15), with a reduction of the median NPS of 3.5 (IQR 1.5-5.0; p=0.02). Due to treatment failure, 9 of the 42 patients treated with PNB required EBP. None of these were cases following spinal anesthesia. CONCLUSION: SPGB, GONB and TPI can be safe and effective options for treatment of PDPH, but do not completely eliminate the need for EBP. Prospective studies designed to identify factors associated with unsuccessful treatment are required.

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Abstract Background and objectives Surgical patients frequently require admission in high-dependency units or intensive care units. Resources are scarce and there are no universally accepted admission criteria, so patients' allocation must be optimized. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between postoperative destination of patients submitted to colorectal surgery and the scores ColoRectal Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity (CR-POSSUM) and Surgical Apgar Score (SAS) and, secondarily find cut-offs to aid this allocation. Methods A cross-sectional prospective observational study, including all adult patients undergoing colorectal surgery during a 2 years period. Data collected from the electronic clinical process and anesthesia records. Results A total of 358 patients were included. Median score for SAS was 8 and CR-POSSUM had a median mortality probability of 4.5%. Immediate admission on high-dependency units/intensive care units occurred in 51 patients and late admission in 18. Scores from ward and high-dependency units/intensive care units patients were statistically different (SAS: 8 vs. 7, p < 0.001; CR-POSSUM: 4.4% vs. 15.9%, p < 0.001). Both scores were found to be predictors of immediate postoperative destination (p < 0.001). Concerning immediate high-dependency units/intensive care units admission, CR-POSSUM showed a strong association (AUC 0.78, p = 0.034) with a ≥9.16 cut-off point (sensitivity: 62.5%; specificity: 75.2%), outperforming SAS (AUC 0.67, p = 0.048), with a ≤7 cut-off point (sensitivity: 67.3%; specificity: 56.1%). Conclusions Both CR-POSSUM and SAS were associated with the clinical decision to admit a patient to the high-dependency units/intensive care units immediately after surgery. CR-POSSUM alone showed a better discriminative capacity.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos Os pacientes cirúrgicos com frequência precisam de internação em unidade de alta dependência ou unidade de terapia intensiva. Os recursos são escassos e não há critérios de admissão universalmente aceitos; portanto, a alocação dos pacientes precisa ser aprimorada. O objetivo primário deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre o destino dos pacientes após cirurgia colorretal e o Índice de Apgar Cirúrgico (IAC) e o escore CR-POSSUM - do inglês ColoRectal Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity - e, secundariamente, descobrir pontos de corte para auxiliar essa alocação. Métodos Estudo prospectivo de observação transversal, incluiu todos os pacientes adultos submetidos à cirurgia colorretal durante um período de dois anos. Os dados foram coletados do prontuário clínico eletrônico e dos registros de anestesia. Resultados Foram incluídos 358 pacientes. A mediana para o IAC foi 8 e para a probabilidade de mortalidade no CR-POSSUM, 4,5%. A admissão imediata em unidade de alta dependência/unidade de terapia intensiva ocorreu em 51 pacientes e a admissão tardia em 18. Os escores dos pacientes na enfermaria e na unidade de alta dependência/unidade de terapia intensiva foram estatisticamente diferentes (tempo de internação: 8 vs. 7, p < 0,001; CR-POSSUM: 4,4% vs. 15,9%, p < 0,001). Os dois escores foram preditivos do destino imediato pós-cirurgia (p < 0,001). Em relação à admissão imediata em UAD/UTI, CR-POSSUM mostrou uma forte associação (ASC 0,78; p = 0,034) com um ponto de corte ≥ 9,16 (sensibilidade: 62,5%; especificidade: 75,2%), superou o IAC (ASC 0,67, p = 0,048), com ponto de corte ≤ 7 (sensibilidade: 67,3%; especificidade: 56,1%). Conclusões Tanto o CR-POSSUM quanto o IAC foram associados à decisão clínica de admitir um paciente em unidade de alta dependência/unidade de terapia intensiva imediatamente após a cirurgia. CR-POSSUM isolado mostrou uma capacidade discriminativa melhor.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Surgical patients frequently require admission in high-dependency units or intensive care units. Resources are scarce and there are no universally accepted admission criteria, so patients' allocation must be optimized. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between postoperative destination of patients submitted to colorectal surgery and the scores ColoRectal Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity (CR-POSSUM) and Surgical Apgar Score (SAS) and, secondarily find cut-offs to aid this allocation. METHODS: A cross-sectional prospective observational study, including all adult patients undergoing colorectal surgery during a 2 years period. Data collected from the electronic clinical process and anesthesia records. RESULTS: A total of 358 patients were included. Median score for SAS was 8 and CR-POSSUM had a median mortality probability of 4.5%. Immediate admission on high-dependency units/intensive care units occurred in 51 patients and late admission in 18. Scores from ward and high-dependency units/intensive care units patients were statistically different (SAS: 8 vs. 7, p<0.001; CR-POSSUM: 4.4% vs. 15.9%, p<0.001). Both scores were found to be predictors of immediate postoperative destination (p<0.001). Concerning immediate high-dependency units/intensive care units admission, CR-POSSUM showed a strong association (AUC 0.78, p=0.034) with a ≥9.16 cut-off point (sensitivity: 62.5%; specificity: 75.2%), outperforming SAS (AUC 0.67, p=0.048), with a ≤7 cut-off point (sensitivity: 67.3%; specificity: 56.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Both CR-POSSUM and SAS were associated with the clinical decision to admit a patient to the high-dependency units/intensive care units immediately after surgery. CR-POSSUM alone showed a better discriminative capacity.

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This study aimed to investigate why futsal players decide to dribble. For this purpose, we analysed 396 trials comprising the dribbles (n = 132), passes (n = 131) or shots (n = 133), performed by 70 male futsal players. Passing and shooting angles, and interpersonal distance, including their rates of change (velocity and variability), were regarded as measures of interpersonal coordination tendency and a comparison was made among dribbling, passing and shooting situations. In addition, the variables identified as constraints on deciding to dribble were analysed in relation to age categories, dribbling outcomes and futsal court zone. Results revealed that passing and shooting angles, and interpersonal distance showed higher variability in dribbling than in passing and shooting situations. The findings allowed us to conclude that decision-making on dribbling was influenced by the variabilities of passing angles as well as shooting and interpersonal distance, and that success in dribbling was affected by the variability of interpersonal distance. Such variabilities were interpreted concerning their meaning of risk and/or uncertainty in the execution of motor skills.

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Although alkaline hydrolysis treatment emerges as an alternative disinfection/sterilization method for medical waste, information on its effects on the inactivation of biological indicators is scarce. The effects of alkaline treatment on the resistance of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores were investigated and the influence of temperature (80 °C, 100 °C and 110 °C) and NaOH concentration was evaluated. In addition, spore inactivation in the presence of animal tissues and discarded medical components, used as surrogate of medical waste, was also assessed. The effectiveness of the alkaline treatment was carried out by determination of survival curves and D-values. No significant differences were seen in D-values obtained at 80 °C and 100 °C for NaOH concentrations of 0.5 M and 0.75 M. The D-values obtained at 110 °C (2.3-0.5 min) were approximately 3 times lower than those at 100 °C (8.8-1.6 min). Independent of the presence of animal tissues and discarded medical components, 6 log10 reduction times varied between 66 and 5 min at 100 °C-0.1 M NaOH and 110 °C-1 M NaOH, respectively. The alkaline treatment may be used in future as a disinfection or sterilization alternative method for contaminated waste.

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O propósito do presente estudo foi verificar a influência da aplicação de jogos situacionais, sobre os níveis de Conhecimento Tático Processual (CTP) em escolares, na modalidade de handebol. A amostra foi constituída por 35 sujeitos de ambos os sexos na faixa etária entre 10-12 anos. Foram divididos 2 grupos, (1 - Situacional) e (2 - Misto = Analítico + Global). Para o processo de categorização dos métodos de ensino foram filmadas 18 aulas e utilizado o protocolo de Stefanello (1999). Para a avaliação do CTP foi utilizado o teste KORA, desenvolvido por Memmert (2002). Os resultados confirmaram que no grupo 1 houve uma melhoria no CTP dos alunos em todos os parâmetros. Por outro lado, o grupo 2 não apresentou melhora significativa em nenhum dos parâmetros analisados. Portanto, conclui-se que o método de ensino centrado nas capacidades táticas (situacional) é eficaz para estimular o desenvolvimento do conhecimento tático processual.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of the situational games, on the levels of knowledge Tactical Procedure (CTP) in schoolchildren, in the form of handball. The sample consisted of 35 subjects of both sexes aged 10-12 years. Were divided 2 groups, (1 - Situational) and (2 - Joint Analytical + = Global). For the categorization process of teaching methods were videotaped 18 lessons and used the protocol of Stefanello (1999). For the evaluation of the CTP test was used KORA, developed by Memmert (2002). The results confirmed that in group 1 there was an improvement in CTP of students in all parameters. Moreover, group 2 showed no significant improvement in the parameters analyzed. Therefore, we conclude that the teaching method focuses on tactical skills (situational) is effective in stimulating the development of procedural tactical knowledge.

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Due to the amounts of chromium in the leachate resulting from leather leaching tests, chromium sulfate tanned leather wastes are very often considered hazardous wastes. To overcome this problem, one option could be recovering the chromium and, consequently, lowering its content in the leather scrap. With this objective, chromium leather scrap was leached with sulfuric acid solutions at low temperature also aiming at maximizing chromium removal with minimum attack of the leather matrix. The effects of leather scrap dimension, sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate concentration in the solutions, as well as extraction time and temperature on chromium recovery were studied, and, additionally, organic matrix degradation was evaluated. The best conditions found for chromium recovery were leather scrap conditioning using 25mL of concentrated H(2)SO(4)/L solution at 293 or 313K during 3 or 6days. Under such conditions, 30-60+/-5% of chromium was recovered and as low as 3-6+/-1% of the leather total organic carbon (TOC) was dissolved. Using such treatment, the leather scrap area and volume are reduced and the residue is a more brittle material showing enhanced anaerobic biodegradability. Although good recovery results were achieved, due to the fact that the amount of chromium in eluate exceeded the threshold value this waste was still hazardous. Thus, it needs to be methodically washed in order to remove all the chromium de-linked from collagen.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a aptidão física das crianças de jogadores de futebol ao longo de um macro treinamento. A amostra foi composta por 16 atletas de futebol infantil, com altura média de 1,74 m (DP = 0,07) e peso corporal médio igual a 63 kg (DP = 6). Analisou-se a potência aeróbia (VO2max), velocidade (T30m), força explosiva de salto vertical (SV) em 4 diferentes tempos de macro (P1, P2, P3, P4). dados análise foi utilizada estatística descritiva e ANOVA de uma via com ajuste de Bonferroni. o principal os resultados foram os seguintes: o VO2max = 13% (P1xP3) e -3,8% (P3xP4); T30m = 4,1% (P1xP2), SV = 5,26% (P2xP3); Foi possível observar a consistência dos resultados com a metodologia proposta adotada, embora os resultados foram mostrados abaixo das expectativas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate children's physical fitness of footballers over a macro training. The sample consisted of 16 athletes from children's football, with average height of 1.74 m (SD = 0.07) and average body weight equal to 63 kg (SD = 6). We analyzed the aerobic power (VO2max), speed (T30m), explosive power of vertical jump (SV) in 4 different times of macro (P1, P2, P3, P4). Data analysis was used descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment. The main results were as follows: VO2max = 13% (P1xP3) and -3.8% (P3xP4); T30m = 4.1% (P1xP2), SV = 5.26% (P2xP3); It was possible to observe the consistency of results with the proposed methodology adopted, although the results have been shown below expectations.

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The metallic voice is usually confused with ring or nasality by singers and nontrained listeners, who are not used to perceptual vocal analysis. They believe a metallic voice results from a rise in fundamental frequency. A diagnostic error in this aspect may lead to lowering pitch, an incorrect procedure that could cause vocal overload and fatigue. The purpose of this article is to study the quality of metallic voice considering the correlation between information of the physiological and acoustic plans, based on a perceptive consensual assumption. Fiberscopic video pharyngolaryngoscopy was performed on 21 professional singers while speaking vowel [e]--in normal and metallic modes to observe muscular movements and structural changes of the velopharynx, pharynx, and larynx. Vocal samples captured simultaneously to the fiberscopic examination were acoustically analyzed. Frequency and amplitude of the first four formants (F(1), F(2), F(3), and F(4)) were extracted by means of linear predictor coefficients (LPC) spectrum and were statistically analyzed. Vocal tract adjustments such as velar lowering, pharyngeal wall narrowing, laryngeal rise, aryepiglottic, and lateral laryngeal constrictions were frequently found; there were no significant changes in frequency and amplitude of F(1) in the metallic voice; there were significant increases in amplitudes of F(2), F(3), and F(4) and in frequency for F(2); metallic voice perceived as louder was correlated to an increase in amplitude of F(3) and F(4). Physiological adjustments of velopharynx, pharynx, and larynx are combined in characterizing the metallic voice and can be acoustically related to changes in formant pattern.

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Objetivo: comparar do ponto de vista perceptivo-auditivo as características vocais dos gêneros docanto japonês enka e mudo enka. Métodos: foram selecionadas dez gravações em CD comercialmentedisponíveis de cinco cantores japoneses profissionais que caracterizam o gênero enka e cincodo estilo mudo enka. Foram elaborados um protocolo de avaliação de voz com características vocaisencontradas nos dois estilos da música japonesa. A avaliação foi realizada por três fonoaudiólogasespecialistas na área de voz pelo Conselho Federal de Fonoaudiologia, determinando as característicasvocais mais marcantes em cada gênero a partir da classificação baseada na literatura. Resultados:no estilo enka, o kobushi, o vibrato e crescendos e decrescendos esteve presente em 100% dasamostras vocais. Foi encontrado 80% de metal, 90% de nasalidade e alternância de registro e 70% desoprosidade. No estilo mudo enka, os crescendos e decrescendos esteve presente em 100% dasamostras vocais. Foi encontrado 70% de soprosidade, 90% de vibrato, 50% de alternância de registro,40% de metal e 20% de nasalidade e kobushi. Conclusão: Comparando-se os dois gêneros musicais,enka e mudo enka, identificou-se a presença marcante do Kobushi no gênero enka além domaior predomínio de vibrato, metal, nasalidade, alternância de registros e crescendos e decrescendos.A soprosidade foi encontrada em igual proporção em relação aos dois estilos musicais. A identificaçãodas características vocais é útil ao fonoaudiólogo bem como ao professor de canto no atendimento decantores durante o aprendizado do canto japonês e ou no aperfeiçoamento.

Purpose: to compare from a perceptual perspective the vocal characteristics of enka and mudo enkaJapanese singing genre. Methods: ten recordings, from commercially available CDs, of five professionalJapanese singers who sing the enka genre and five of the mudo enka genre were selected. Weelaborated a voice evaluation protocol with vocal characteristics found in both genres of Japanesemusic. The evaluation was carried out by three speech pathologists, licensed by the Speech PathologyFederal Board, who determined the most outstanding vocal characteristics of each genre, from aliterature-based stratification. Results: in the enka genre, the kobushi, the vibrato and crescendos anddecrescendos were present in 100% of the vocal samples. We found 80% of metal, 90% of nasalityand registration alternation and 70% of soprosity. In the mudo enka genre, the crescendos anddecrescendos were present in 100% of the vocal samples. We found 70% of soprosity, 90% of vibrato,50% of registration alternation, 40% of metal and 20% of nasality and kobushi. Conclusion: Whencomparing the two genres, enka and mudo enka, we verified the strong presence of Kobushi in theenka genre, along with a larger predominance of vibrato, metal, nasality, alternation of registrations andcrescendos and decrescendos. The soprosity was found in equal rates in both genres. The identificationof vocal characteristics is useful for the speech pathologist as well as singing professors when helpingtheir clients (singers) during the learning of the Japanese singing or in its improvement.

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Objetivo: discutir e fundamentar aspectos relativos a propostas de avaliação vocal em cantores infantojuvenis. Métodos: foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico em Universidades de Maringá e Curitiba, emperiódicos indexados nas áreas de voz e canto. Resultados: os aspectos priorizados na seleção dos dados colhidos do levantamento bibliográfico para a avaliação fonoaudiológica voltada para cantores infanto-juvenis foram: postura, estruturas envolvidas, articulação, ressonância, altura vocal, tipo de voz, ataques vocais, avaliação perceptivo-auditiva no canto, ritmo e intensidade. Conclusão: a avaliaçãoem cantores infanto-juvenis deve ser específica, em função da idade e uso da voz, tendo assim a necessidade de sistematização de determinados tópicos para direcionar as técnicas necessárias àvoz cantada e tornar o seu desenvolvimento mais efetivo.

Purpose: to discuss and to substantiate aspects related to proposals of audio-perceptive evaluation in young singers. Methods: we collected bibliographic information at Universities in Maringá and Curitiba (Paraná/Brasil) and researched into periodicals related to voice and singing area indexed on databases such as Lilacs, Google and Bireme. Results: we collected bibliographic data in order to make aspeech evaluation in young singers. The main aspect taken into consideration for the section of this information were the posture, structures involved in the singing process, articulation, resonance, vocal pitch, type of voice, vocal attacks, perceptual evaluation at singing, rhythm and intensity. Conclusion: The evaluation in young children should be specific, according to the age and the use of the voice; therefore, it is necessary to systematize certain topics to apply the techniques needed develop the singing properly.

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Dysprosody also known as pseudo-foreign dialect, is the rarest neurological speech disorder. It is characterized by alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadency, and intonation of words. The terms refers to changes as to duration, fundamental frequency, and intensity of tonic and atonic syllables of the sentences spoken, which deprive an individual's particular speech of its characteristics. The cause of this disease is usually associated with neurological pathologies such as brain vascular accidents, cranioencephalic traumatisms, and brain tumors. The authors report a case of dysprosody attended to at the Núcleo de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço de São Paulo (NOSP). It is about a female patient with bilateral III degree Reinke's edema and normal neurological examinations that started presenting characteristics of the German dialect following a larynx microsurgery.

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Os hormônios sexuais influenciam no desenvolvimento da laringe. Quando as alterações homonais ocorrem na puberdade, produzem alterações irreversíveis na laringe, determinando a qualidade vocal que é uma característica sexual secundária. Um exemplo é a Hiperplasia Adrenal Congênita, onde ocorre secreção aumentada dos precursores do cortisol e andrógenos pela glândula adrenal, levando a masculinização e infertilidade em pacientes do sexo feminino. O aumento dos andrógenos produz virilização da laringe e das pregas vocais. Essa doença pode ser controlada pela administração de corticoesteróides, mas esse tratamento não reverte as alterações que foram produzidas na laringe. Nesses casos há necessidade de procedimentos cirúrgicos com o objetivo de aumentar a freqüência fundamental da voz.

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The purpose of this paper was to compare the vibration of the vocal fold submitted to Isshiki thyroplasty type I (TPI) to that of the contralateral one adducted by the arytenoid rotation (AR) technique. The vocal folds of ten human fresh excised larynges were medialized by TPI on one side and by rotation of the arytenoid on the contralateral side. Laryngeal vibration was artificially produced and was recorded by videostroboscopy. The images were subjectively and objectively analyzed. Subjective analysis included periodicity of vibratory cycles, features of the mucosal wave present on the TPI side, amplitude of vibration, and profile of free border of each vocal fold during the opening phase. Objective analyses were carried out on frame-by-frame digitalized images to determine amplitudes of vibrations and phase differences between the folds in three glottic regions (anterior, middle, and posterior). Subjective analysis revealed regular periodicity in 100% of the larynges, a decrease in the mucosal wave on the TPI side in 70%, reduction in amplitude in 30%, and a sigmoid profile of the free border on the TPI side in 80%. Objective analysis showed mean amplitude in the posterior glottic region on the TPI side significantly larger than that on the arytenoids rotation side and phase asymmetry in 90% of the larynges.

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