RESUMEN
In this work, a flush ultrasonic probe has been developed for the measurement of the velocity and the angle of attack (AOA) of an aircraft. The probe is made of one emitting transducer located at the center of a rotating stage and several receiving transducers located downstream, all transducers radiating in a normal direction perpendicular to the airflow. The determination of speed and AOA are deduced from the time of flight measurement of an ultrasonic wave between the emitter and the receivers propagating in the boundary layer. Particular attention was paid to the instrumentation as well as to the signal processing to enhance the ultrasound transmission and reception and to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Results are reported for airflow velocities up to 127 m/s (460 km/h) both as a function of the emitter-receiver distance and as a function of the wind incidence angle. These experimental results are compared to simulations that estimate the time of flight between a source and a receiver. It is shown that ultrasonic waves propagate in the boundary layer and that the simulation code can predict the time of flight as a function of the distance and the angle.
RESUMEN
First, the paper presents a brief summary of the French actual regulation on installations registered for the protection of the environment and covered by the Seveso I Directive. Then the paper discusses research and development needs for a sound implementation of the Directive, and for the new requirements on safety reports established by the Seveso II Directive. Further, it discusses issues connected with coverage of hazardous activities, learning from accidents, technical and organisational measures (safety management systems and emergency response) and human factors. The conclusions stress the need for networking and dissemination of accident investigations, development of safety management systems, and research on cognitive ergonomics and psychology related to the decision making and interventions of the operator.
Asunto(s)
Accidentes de Trabajo/prevención & control , Planificación en Desastres/organización & administración , Contaminación Ambiental/prevención & control , Guías como Asunto , Residuos Peligrosos/prevención & control , Administración de la Seguridad/organización & administración , Bases de Datos Factuales , Francia , Humanos , Servicios de Información , Evaluación de NecesidadesRESUMEN
During industrial accidents involving explosions, fires or the release of toxic or flammable substances into the environment, effects to be taken into occount are expressed in terms of pressure impulses, debris projections, thermal fluxes and discharges of toxic substances in the air, water or ground. In its first section, this article will present the conclusions grawn from the analysis of various types of accidents which occurred in France, It also exposes the lack of sufficient knowledge on the development of unconfined or partially confined explosions and on the modalities of release of toxic substances during fires. Screening these accidents and accident data bases should enable competent authorities, industrialists, insurance companies and technical centers interested in these topics to share their experiences. The second section will deal with validating the "catalogue software" used for calculations of consequences. CAMEO 3.0, CHARM 6.1, PHAST 3.0 and TRACE 2.5.4 software are used to define some or all of the above mentionel effects. This software was studied and the results compared. This comparison has brought to light the need for an Assessment Protocol which would include the relevance of physical models, user friendliness and how adapted the data base and the User's Manual are (AU)