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Exposure to traumatic events during childhood increases the risk of adult psychopathology, including anxiety, depression, alcohol use disorders and their co-morbidity. Early life trauma also results in increased symptom complexity, treatment resistance and poor treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to establish a novel rodent model of adolescent stress, based on an ethologically relevant life-threatening event, live predator exposure. Rats were exposed to a live predator for 10 min. at three different time points (postnatal day (PND)31, 46 and 61). Adult depression-, anxiety-like behaviors and ethanol consumption were characterized well past the last acute stress event (two weeks). Behavioral profiles across assessments were developed to characterize individual response to adolescent stress. CNS activation patterns in separate groups of subjects were characterized after the early (PND31) and last predator exposure (PND61). Subjects exposed to live-predator adolescent stress generally exhibited less exploratory behavior, less propensity to venture into open spaces, a decreased preference for sweet solutions and decreased ethanol consumption in a two-bottle preference test. Additional studies demonstrated blunted cortisol response and CNS activation patterns suggestive of habenula, rostromedial tegmental (RMTg), dorsal raphe and central amygdala involvement in mediating the adult consequences of adolescent stress. Thus, adolescent stress in the form of live-predator exposure results in significant adult behavioral and neurobiological disturbances. Childhood trauma, its impact on neurodevelopment and the subsequent development of mood disorders is a pervasive theme in mental illness. Improving animal models and our neurobiological understanding of the symptom domains impacted by trauma could significantly improve treatment strategies.

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RATIONALE: Operant self-administration (SA) is an important model of motivation to consume ethanol (EtOH), but low rates of voluntary consumption in rats are thought to necessitate water deprivation and saccharin/sucrose fading for acquisition of responding. OBJECTIVES: Here, we sought to devise an effective model of SA that does not use water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading. METHODS: First, we tested if Wistar rats would acquire and maintain SA behavior of 20 % EtOH under two conditions, water deprivation (WD) and non-water deprivation (NWD). Second, we tested the efficacy of our SA procedure by confirming a prior study which found that the NK1 antagonist L822429 specifically blocked stress-induced reinstatement of EtOH seeking but not SA. Finally, we assessed the effect of naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress EtOH SA in rodents. RESULTS: Lever presses (LPs) and rewards were consistent with previous reports that utilized WD and saccharin/sucrose fading. Similar to previous findings, we found that L822429 blocked stress-induced reinstatement but not baseline SA of 20 % EtOH. Moreover, naltrexone dose-dependently decreased alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats that are self-administering 20 % EtOH. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide a method for voluntary oral EtOH SA in rats that is convenient for experimenters and eliminates the potential confound of sweeteners in EtOH-operant SA studies. Unlike models that use intermittent access to 20 % EtOH, this method does not induce escalation, and based on pharmacological experiments, it appears to be driven by the positive reinforcing effects of EtOH.

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The interpersonal circumplex (IPC) was recommended as a personality trait dimensional model with good potential to identify the phenomenological scope of personality disorders whose core dysfunction involves maladaptive expression of interpersonal traits. The IPC was then applied to the reconceptualization of dependent personality and dependent personality disorder. In Study 1, Pincus and Gurtman's (1995) three interpersonal vectors of dependency were validated via factor analyses conducted on two large samples (N = 921; N = 472) and a reliable self-report measure, the 3 Vector Dependency Inventory (3VDI) was constructed. In Study 2, two samples (N = 103; N = 122) of individuals identified as predominantly endorsing submissive dependence, exploitable dependence, or love dependence, or who were low in aspects of dependency were compared via ANOVA and chi-square analyses on parental representations, adult attachment styles, loneliness, and pathological attachment. Submissive dependence was associated with higher scores on maladaptive constructs (fearful attachment, pathological attachment, and loneliness) and was also associated with lower parental affiliation and higher maternal control. Love dependence was associated with lower scores on maladaptive constructs and higher scores on secure attachment and parental affiliation. Variability in dependent phenomenology was related to its three component traits. Multiple perspectives on integrating love dependence, exploitable dependence, and submissive dependence into a reconceptualization of dependent personality disorder were articulated.

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We administered the revised Assessment of Qualitative and Structural Dimensions of Object Representations (Blatt, Chevron, Quinlan, Schaffer, & Wein, 1992) to 279 male and female undergraduate students and carried out independent principal components analyses of maternal and paternal ratings. Three stable factors, Agency, Communion, and Structure, were found in both sets of ratings. This factor structure differed from that reported by Quinlan, Blatt, Chevron, and Wein (1992). Results found here are consistent with contemporary interpersonal personality theory.

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The present experiment investigated the ability of the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) Intrex questionnaires to differentiate nonclinical samples of young adults with features of either borderline personality disorder (BPD), schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), or no personality disorder (no PD). A number of significant differences were demonstrated on the SASB Intrex questionnaires when comparisons were made between the BPD and no PD samples. These results are consistent with those reported in an earlier investigation of BPD using SASB in a clinical sample. Few differences were found between the SPD features sample and the other two samples. These results are not consistent with previous findings that have differentiated BPD and SPD in clinical samples. The results are discussed in terms of the possible implications for SASB to differentiate BPD, the use of nonclinical samples in personality disorder research, and dimensional models for conceptualizing personality disorders.

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Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) is an increasingly popular model of interpersonal and intrapsychic interactions that provides a flexible assessment methodology ranging from an observer-based coding system to a modifiable objective self-report questionnaire: the Intrex. Published research using the Intrex has varied in the methods employed to assess the fundamental dimensions of affiliation and autonomy of SASB. In this article, we review the conceptual and computational differences among 3 indexes to assess the SASB dimensions. Empirical comparisons revealed good support for convergent validity but significant differences in distribution characteristics and orthogonality. These results have direct implications for assessment strategies, statistical analyses, and interpretation of both clinical assessments and clinical research. Results are discussed with reference to developing guidelines for assessment and research use of SASB via self-report.

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Research on the relations between parental representations, personality traits, and psychopathology was discussed with reference to their integration for clinical personality assessment. Empirical results linking parental representations assessed by the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior and the Five-Factor Model of personality traits in a young adult population supported the position that parental representations significantly relate to adult personality. Individuals whose parental representations were generally affiliative described themselves as less prone to emotional distress (lower neuroticism); more interpersonally oriented and experiencing of positive emotions (higher extraversion); more peaceable and trustworthy (higher agreeableness); and more dutiful, resourceful, and dependable (higher conscientiousness). Parental representations colored by autonomy granting and autonomy taking were related to higher levels of openness to experience but lower levels of conscientiousness and extraversion in self-descriptions. Assessment implications and an integrative assessment strategy were presented along with a clinical case example.

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Using the interpersonal circumplex and the 5-factor model of personality as a structural framework, the authors identified 3 aspects of interpersonal dependency in structural analyses of the universe of content defined by the combined item pool of widely used self-report dependency measures: love dependency, exploitable dependency, and submissive dependency. Markers of these aspects of interpersonal dependency were reconstituted, and their relations with neuroticism (N), conscientiousness (C), and openness to experience (O) were examined. All forms of interpersonal dependency are related positively with N. Exploitable and submissive dependency are increasingly negatively correlated with C and O, whereas love dependency is positively correlated with C and O. Implications regarding the assessment of dependency and multifactor models of dependency are discussed, and hypotheses for future research linking dependency and depression are proposed.

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Figure 16 synthesizes the various aspects of marrow egress. The central anatomical relationship of the hematopoietic compartment to vascular sinus is shown above. The hatched blocks represent the sinus wall, capable of developing narrow migration channels. In the marrow, immature granulocytes alter their biophysical characteristics by developing motility, nuclear and cytoplasmic deformability and surfaces which facilitate egress. Humoral factors contribute to proliferation and maturation. Also, other humoral agents, releasing factors, may act on mature cells, for example, as cytoattractants, and on the sinus wall to reduce its adventitial cover and thereby to enhance egress. In the sinus, flow or discharge of sinus contents may be regulated by humoral agents or neural messages which may affect terminal sphincters or other structures. Although the marrow in situ is a difficult organ to study, future innovations are to be expected and our understanding of the delicate balance between hematopoietic cells, stroma and vasculature will be enhanced. Corrections of inferential errors due in part to the semi-quantitative and qualitative nature of much of our current data should be expected.

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