RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study formed part of a soil transmitted helminth elimination program in Grenada. The study assessed the prevalence of soil transmitted helminths (STHs) in Grenadian primary school children. DESIGN AND METHODS: A longitudinal study was carried out on students attending 39 out of all 54 (72.2%) primary schools in Grenada, Carriacou and Petite Martinique between March 2013 and December 2014. The schools were randomly selected for inclusion in the study. Zinc Sulphate Floatation with centrifugation and Microscopy was used to assess the prevalence of STHs in stool samples from Grenadian primary school children. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of STH was 1.3% (95% CI= 0.54-2.72). In 4 of the 8 parishes the prevalence was 0%. The highest prevalence was 3.9% (0.48-13.46) in St. Patrick. The STH identified were Ancylostoma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichuria. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of STHs in the initial survey was 1.3%. This low prevalence indicates that the elimination program which utilizes a multi pronged approach including targeted chemotherapy and education may be feasible.
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Prevalencia , Helmintos , Microbiología del Suelo , Niño , GrenadaRESUMEN
Cloacal swabs from 62 green iguanas (Iguana iguana), including 47 wild and 15 domestic ones from five parishes of Grenada, were sampled during a 4-month period of January to April 2013 and examined by enrichment and selective culture for the presence of Salmonella spp. Fifty-five per cent of the animals were positive, and eight serovars of Salmonella were isolated. The most common serovar was Rubislaw (58.8%), a serovar found recently in many cane toads in Grenada, followed by Oranienburg (14.7%), a serovar that has been causing serious human disease outbreaks in Japan. Serovar IV:48:g,z51 :- (formerly, S. Marina) highly invasive and known for serious infections in children in the United States, constituted 11.8% of the isolates, all of them being from domestic green iguanas. Salmonella Newport, a serovar recently found in a blue land crab in Grenada, comprised 11.8% of the isolates from the green iguanas. The remaining four less frequent serovars included S. Javiana and S. Glostrup. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests conducted by a disc diffusion method against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed that drug resistance is minimal, with intermediate susceptibility, mainly to streptomycin, tetracycline and cefotaxime. This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of various Salmonella serovars from wild and domestic green iguanas in Grenada, West Indies.
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Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Iguanas/microbiología , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Salmonella/fisiología , Animales , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Grenada/epidemiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella/inmunología , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , SerogrupoRESUMEN
The zoonotic rat lung worm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis is endemic to Asia, North America, Africa and Australia. The parasite is expanding geographically and has recently been recorded in some of the Greater Antilles in the northern part of the Caribbean. In this study A. cantonensis is reported for the first time in the Lesser Antilles in one of the southernmost islands, Grenada. Between September 2005 and September 2006, 192 rats (Rattus norvegicus) were trapped throughout the island. The rats were anesthetized, exsanguinated, necropsied and the lungs were fixed whole in 10% buffered formalin, trimmed, processed, cut at 3microm, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined microscopically. A total of 45 (23.4%) of the 192 rats examined were found to be infected with A. cantonensis and adult worms were found in the cardiopulmonary system of one of the rats. Microscopically, pulmonic lesions, consisting of pulmonary thrombosis, hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries and granulomatous pneumonia were associated with intralesional adults, larvae and embryonated eggs of A. cantonensis. An incidental finding of variably sized (2-7mm) solitary to multiple cysts containing larvae of Taenia taeniaformis were seen in the livers of 57 rats. This report of A. cantonensis in Grenada provides evidence of the further global expansion of this important zoonotic parasite and the public health implications of this discovery is discussed.
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Roedores/parasitología , Infecciones por Strongylida/veterinaria , Animales , Femenino , Pulmón/parasitología , Pulmón/patología , Masculino , Ratas , Enfermedades de los Roedores/epidemiología , Infecciones por Strongylida/epidemiología , Infecciones por Strongylida/parasitología , Indias Occidentales/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Rural poultry production systems in Grenada are based on the scavenging indigenous domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus), the predominant species in the poultry sector. This study was done to establish the species and frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in 106 free-ranges chickens ages between 1-2 years, and collected from 13 households. Three nematodes and one tapeworm were identified: Gongylonema ingluvicola (29.2%); Ascaridia galli (10.3%); Heterakis gallinarum (4.7%); Capillaria contorta (2.83%); Railietina tertagona (38.6%). Helminth infections in free-range chickens, even when they occur in low numbers, may result in subclinical disease. High numbers can produce clinical disease. Further studies may be required to devise appropriate prevention and control methods, with improved management systems. This is the first report of gastrointestinal parasites of free-ranging poultry in Grenada.
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Animales , Tracto Gastrointestinal , Recuento de Huevos de ParásitosRESUMEN
Rural poultry production systems in Grenada are based on the scavenging indigenous domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus), the predominant species in the poultry sector. This study was done to establish the species and frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in 106 free-ranges chickens ages between 1-2 years, and collected from 13 households. Three nematodes and one tapeworm were identified: Gongylonema ingluvicola (29.2%); Ascaridia galli (10.3%); Heterakis gallinarum (4.7%); Capillaria contorta (2.83%); Railietina tertagona (38.6%). Helminth infections in free-range chickens, even when they occur in low numbers, may result in subclinical disease. High numbers can produce clinical disease. Further studies may be required to devise appropriate prevention and control methods, with improved management systems. This is the first report of gastrointestinal parasites of free-ranging poultry in Grenada.
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Animales , Tracto Gastrointestinal , Recuento de Huevos de ParásitosRESUMEN
Antibodies to Neospora sp. and Toxoplasma gondii were measured in mares and precolostral foals from a farm in Parana State, Brazil. An indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was used to determine specific antibodies. Three sampling points, 2003, 2004 and at parturition were included in the study, but not all horses are represented at a parturition time point. In 2003, antibodies to Neospora were detected in 17 mares (47%) at 1:50 dilution and in 5 mares (13.8%) at 1:100 dilution. In 2004, antibodies to Neospora were found in 11/36 (30%) horses with titers of 1:50 and in 6 mares (16.6%) at 1:100 dilution. The prevalence of antibodies against T. gondii was 2.7% in mares, either in 2003 and 2004. Evidence for the role of Neospora sp. in equine reproduction failure was not observed in the farm. Immunoglobulin G antibodies to Neospora were found in two of the nine precolostrum foals. Four seronegative foals were born from seronegative mothers, and three seronegative foals were born from seropositive mothers (1:50). Two seropositive precolostrum foals were born from seropositive mothers (1:50). The foals were born clinically normal, and T. gondii antibodies were not detected in their serum samples. The total immunoglobulins values detected on seronegative precolostrum foals were lower than the levels observed in the seropositive foals. This data warrants additional studies to differentiate N. hughesi and N. caninum serologically and determination if these parasites were associated with equine neurological disease and reproductive failure.
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Animales Recién Nacidos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa/veterinaria , Toxoplasmosis Animal/parasitología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos/inmunología , Especificidad de Anticuerpos , Brasil , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Coccidiosis/transmisión , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Indirecta/métodos , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Indirecta/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/transmisión , Caballos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Neospora/inmunología , Embarazo , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/transmisiónAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Neospora/inmunología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/análisis , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Ceguera/etiología , Ceguera/veterinaria , Encéfalo/parasitología , Brasil/epidemiología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/patología , Coccidiosis/complicaciones , Coccidiosis/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Femenino , Neospora/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Neospora caninum-specific antibodies were detected in 60 of 172 (34.8%) dairy cattle by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a herd from Parana State, Brazil. The seropositive animals included 47 of 126 (37.3%) adult cows, 7 of 29 (24%) heifers (1-2 yr), 4 of 15 (27%) heifers (5 mo-1 yr), and 2 precolostral samples. Data collected over a 9-yr follow-up period revealed that the proportion of pregnancies ending in abortion was 20% (31/154) among ELISA seropositive cows and 8% (15/193) among seronegative cows. The farm recorded 46 abortions, of which 31 (67.3%) were from seropositive cows. All sera positive by ELISA (n = 60) and sera from cows (n = 11) that were ELISA-negative but that had aborted were tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) at dilutions from 1:25 to 1:200. All sera from ELISA-positive cows (n = 47) had an IFAT titer of 1:25:35 (74%) of these sera were also seropositive at a dilution of 1:200 (IFAT). Cows seropositive by ELISA had a 4-fold increased risk of having aborted at least once, compared to ELISA-seronegative cows. This association was statistically significant (P = 0.0016). The attributable fraction for this association indicated that approximately 76% of the risk for a cow having a history of abortion was attributable to seroconversion to N. caninum.