RESUMEN
As an alternative to applying the hydrothermal treatment to the raw algal feedstock before the anaerobic digestion (i.e. pre-treatment), one considered a post-treatment scenario where anaerobic digestion is directly used as the primary treatment while the hydrothermal treatment is thereafter applied to the digestate. Hydrothermal treatments such as wet oxidation (WetOx) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) were compared at a temperature of 200°C, for initial pressure of 0.1 and 0.82MPa, and no holding time after the process had reached the temperature setpoint. Both WetOx and HTC resulted in a substantial solids conversion (47-62% with HTC, 64-83% with WetOx, both at 0.82MPa) into soluble products, while some total chemical oxygen demand-based carbon loss from the solid-liquid phases was observed (20-39%). This generated high soluble products concentrations (from 6.2 to 10.9g soluble chemical oxygen demand/L). Biomethane potential tests showed that these hydrothermal treatments allowed for a 4-fold improvement of the digestate anaerobic biodegradability. The hydrothermal treatments increased the methane yield to about 200 LSTP CH4/kg volatile solids, when related to the untreated digestate, compared to 66 LSTP CH4/kg volatile solids, without treatment.
Asunto(s)
Microalgas , Anaerobiosis , Reactores Biológicos , Carbono , Metano/metabolismo , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Proinflammatory cytokines are important factors in the regulation of diverse aspects of skeletal muscle function; however, the muscle cytokine receptors mediating these functions are uncharacterized. Binding kinetics (dissociation constant = 39+/-4.7 x 10(-9) M, maximal binding = 3.5+/-0.23 x 10(-12) mol/mg membrane protein) of muscle tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors were obtained. Skeletal muscle was found to express mRNAs encoding interleukin-1 type I and II receptors, interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), and interferon-gamma receptor by RT-PCR, but these receptors were below limits of detection of ligand-binding assay (> or =1 fmol binding sites/mg protein). Twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal administration of endotoxin to rats, TNF receptor type II (TNFRII) and IL-6R mRNA were increased in skeletal muscle (P<0.05). In cultured L6 cells, the expression of mRNA encoding TNFRII and IL-6R receptors was induced by TNF-alpha, and all six cytokine receptor mRNA were induced by a mixture of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and endotoxin (P<0.05). This suggests that the low level of cytokine receptor expression is complemented by a capacity for receptor induction, providing a clear mechanism for amplification of cytokine responses at the muscle level.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas/farmacología , Endotoxinas/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Receptores de Citocinas/metabolismo , Animales , Línea Celular , Endotoxemia/metabolismo , Humanos , Ratones , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Interferón/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Receptores del Factor de Necrosis Tumoral/metabolismo , Sarcolema/metabolismo , Porcinos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/fisiología , Receptor de Interferón gammaRESUMEN
A multicenter trial of oral ranitidine 150 mg bid was conducted in 41 patients with duodenal and 30 with gastric ulcers. Patients were randomly allocated in double-blind fashion to 4 wk treatment with either ranitidine or placebo, after which all unhealed patients were given 4 wk on the active drug without breaking the original allocation code. After 4 wk of treatment the healing rate associated with ranitidine was significantly superior to that of placebo in both duodenal and gastric ulcer patients. Further improvement in cumulative healing rates was observed after the 2nd month of the study. After the allocation code was broken and all patients had had the opportunity of up to 8 wk on the active drug, there remained only a single unhealed pyloric ulcer. No serious adverse effects or biochemical abnormalities were observed. Ranitidine is a potent and well-tolerated H2 antagonist. Therapy for 4 or 8 wk is highly effective in the treatment of uncomplicated gastroduodenal ulcer.