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Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is currently the most common treatment for small- to medium-size vestibular schwannoma (VS). Despite favorable outcome, hearing deterioration still remains an underestimated problem, and the role of hearing rehabilitation is an underinvestigated topic. Among available technologies, cochlear implant (CI) should represent a valid alternative in sporadic VS with single-sided deafness and in neurofibromatosis (NF2) with bilateral profound hearing loss. A literature review of the current clinical data was performed searching scientific literature databases. From all of the articles found, 16 papers were selected. Forty-four subjects treated with radiosurgery (18 male, 19 female, and in 7 cases, sex were not specified; 43 NF2 and 1 sporadic VS) were included in the analysis. Epidemiological, clinical, tumor, treatment, and audiological data were collected. Clinical outcome at last follow-up showed an audiological improvement in 25 of the 44 patients. The audiological outcome was unchanged in 16 cases. Audiological deterioration was recorded in 3 cases. Severity of NF2 phenotype, long history of ipsilateral profound deafness before implantation, progressive tumor growth, and high radiation dose (20 and 40 Gy) were found in patients with a worst audiological outcome. Hearing rehabilitation can improve audiological results for VS patients following SRS in selected cases. Hearing rehabilitation with cochlear implant (CI) in SSD leads to partial restoration of binaural hearing with an improvement in speech comprehension in noise and in sound localization, and partial suppression of subjective incapacitating tinnitus. SRS followed by CI may represent in selected cases a potential emerging option in the management of these patients, aimed at improving their quality of life. Possible implications for the follow-up of these patients are still present, although partially resolved.

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OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to compare the performance of 2 recently introduced molecular tests for the identification of gastrointestinal viral infections. METHODS: One hundred fecal samples from pediatric patients were analyzed using 2 workflows, each including nucleic acids extraction and multiplex Real-Time PCR: Allplex™ GI-Virus Assay and FTD Viral gastroenteritis. The agreement was evaluated calculating Cohen's kappa and applying McNemar's test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Allplex and FTD assays showed 100% overall agreement for Norovirus GI/GII and Sapovirus (κ: 1.00), and 99% for Astrovirus (κ: 0.66). A lower agreement was detected for Adenovirus (89%; κ: 0.72) and Rotavirus (91%, k: 0.53), owing to samples resulted positive only with FTD test. The discrepancies were attributed to a different efficiency of extraction/amplification and to the different Adenovirus serotype specificity of the tests since Allplex detects only AdVF40 and AdVF41. FTD test should be used when non enteric adenovirus could have a clinical significance.

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Vestibular function is often underdiagnosed in vestibular schwannomas (VS). To evaluate it in a selected group of patients harbouring vestibular schwannomas, 64 patients were included in this study, recruited between March 2008 and June 2011 at our institution. All patients underwent Gd-enhanced MRI and complete neurotological evaluation before gamma knife surgery. Morphological measurements included Koos Classification and quantification of internal acoustic canal filling in length and diameter. Cochlear and vestibular functions were assessed considering pure tone and speech audiometry, bedside examination and caloric test by videonystagmography. A statistical analysis was performed to find possible correlations between morphological and cochleovestibular data. Patients with a higher intracanalicular length (ICL, mean value 8.59 and median 8.8 mm) of the tumour presented a higher value of UW than the subgroup with a lower length (51.9 ± 24.3% and 38.8 ± 18.1% respectively, p = 0.04), while no difference was detected for pure tone audiometry (PTA) values (50.9 ± 22.3 db and 51.1 ± 28.9 db respectively). Patients with a higher ICL also presented a higher rate of positive HIT (88% and 60% respectively, p = 0.006). Patients with a higher value of intracanalicular diameter (ICD, mean value 5.22 and median 5.15 mm) demonstrated higher values of UW (50.2 ± 29.1% and 39.3 ± 21% respectively, p = 0.03), but not different PTA (50.2 ± 29.1 db and 51.9 ± 29.9 db respectively). Finally, patients with a positive head impulse test (HIT) demonstrated significantly higher values of unilateral weakness (UW) (p = 0.001). Vestibular disorders are probably underdiagnosed in patients with VS. ICL and ICD seem to be the main parameters that correlate with vestibular function. Also, in case of small intracanalar T1 VS a slight increase of these variables can result in significant vestibular impairment. The data reported in the present study are not inconsistent with the possibility of proactive treatment of patients with VS.

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Fine-needle aspiration cytology guided by ultrasound imaging is a widely used diagnostic tool to evaluate neoplastic or inflammatory lesions of salivary glands. From February 2002 to February 2008 all the parotid lesions removed surgically in our Unit of Otolaryngology were reviewed. Study focused on sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and Kappa statistics for fine-needle aspiration cytology vs histological diagnosis in 176 cases. Fine-needle aspiration cytology sensitivity and specificity were 81% and 99%, respectively. Accuracy for malignancy was 97%, accuracy for benignity was 83%; positive and negative predictive values were 93% and 98%, respectively; likelihood ratio of positive and negative test results were 100.3 and 0.19, respectively ("positive" was used to define "malignant"). The prevalence of malignancy was 0.114. Kappa statistics for the degree of agreement between fine-needle aspiration cytology and histological results were 0.85 (95% CI = 0.71-0.99). Pre-operative fine-needle aspiration cytology diagnosis improves surgical treatment of parotid masses.

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OBJECTIVES: To establish the efficacy of low-level laser therapy for tinnitus. METHODS: We performed a prospective, randomized double-blind study on 60 outpatients with tinnitus presenting sensorineural hearing loss in the affected ear. They were randomly divided into two groups, the first performing active laser therapy 20 min a day for 3 months with a 650-nm, 5-mW soft laser (group L), the second using a dummy device which duplicated all aspects of active laser therapy except for the activation of the laser beam (group C). One subject in both groups dropped out due to an increase in tinnitus loudness. Two more patients in each group ceased to comply with the protocol due to familiar problems. RESULTS: The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) was considered the main outcome measure; no statistical difference was detected between the 2 groups in the THI total score (p = 0.97), and its functional (p = 0.89), emotional (p = 0.89) and catastrophic (p = 0.89) subscales. Moreover, a visual analog scale for self-perceived loudness of the tinnitus showed no difference between the groups (p = 0.69). Regarding psychoacoustic parameters, the minimum masking level showed no difference (p = 0.42), while loudness expressed in sensation level exhibited lower values in group L (p = 0.0127). Group L subjects also presented a decreased rate of hyperacusis (p = 0.02). No changes were detected in the audiometric threshold in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Soft laser therapy demonstrated no efficacy as a therapeutic measure for tinnitus.

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OBJECTIVE: We report a case of a 58-year-old man suffering from stiff-person syndrome and recurrent peripheral vertigo. METHOD: A case report and a review of the recent literature on stiff-person syndrome are presented. RESULTS: The patient presented with recurrent episodes of vertigo with a pure peripheral pattern and with concomitant episodes of burning muscle pain, muscle twitching, weight gain and fatigue, worsening with tension or stress that also occurred in periods without vertigo. Cochlear examinations only showed presbyacusis-like hearing loss. The diagnosis of stiff-person syndrome was made with electromyographic examination and from findings in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of high titres of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) autoantibodies. In a two-year follow-up period, therapy for stiff-person syndrome abolished episodes of both stiffness and vertigo. CONCLUSION: As far as we know, no other clinical case of acute vestibular damage with a possible correlation with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies has been described. Peripheral vertigo possibly related to a lack of gamma aminobutyric acid underlines a possible role of gamma aminobutyric acid as a neurotransmitter in the peripheral vestibular system.

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Mammalian cells respond to DNA insults by activating cell-cycle checkpoints. This may result in a temporary cell growth arrest which allows DNA repair before proliferation or induces apoptosis. p53 is one of the main contributors in regulating these activities. To get a better insight on the molecular mechanism underlying these activities we studied the role of p53 in apoptosis and neurogenesis of brain cells from adult p53(+/+) or p53(-/-) mice exposed to gamma-irradiation. Apoptosis and neurogenesis were assessed up to 14 days following the injury. Five-ten hours following gamma-irradiation, cells with TUNEL positive nuclei were identified within the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus (DG) of both p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) mice. At the same time-points, pyknotic and shrinking nuclei were visualized by Hoechst 33258 staining. Furthermore, gamma-irradiation increased the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells with a peak at 5-10 h in both animal groups. PCNA immunoreactivity was detected in cells exhibiting condensed nuclei as visualized by Hoechst 33258 staining. Neurogenesis, assessed by mitotic marker p34(cdc2) immunoreactivity, showed a biphasic response to gamma-irradiation both in p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) mice which was characterized by an early inhibition and a delayed stimulation. In p53(-/-) mice, the time required by DG granule cells to recover from the lesion and to stimulate proliferation was significantly shortened in comparison with wild-type mice thus resulting in an accelerated neurogenesis. Our data indicate that following gamma-radiation p53 plays a role in regulating cell-cycle progression rate but it is dispensable for promoting apoptosis of DG granule cells.

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The translabyrinthine approach has long been, and in some centers is still, considered inadequate for the removal of large acoustic neuromas (AN). Over the years, with experience, the original technique has been modified, extending the approach to what is now called the enlarged translabyrinthine (ET) approach. Applying these modifications, between April 1987 and February 2000, the Gruppo Otologico in Piacenza, Italy removed 132 ANs, 3 cm or larger, from the cerebello-pontine angle. These tumors accounted for 25.9% of the 510 cases of AN to undergo surgery during that period. Of the 132 cases only one patient died and the percentage of complications was very low, generally lower than analogous series published in the literature. Such complications were progressively reduced in time, leading to a significant reduction in the length of post-operative hospitalization: on the average the 8.8 days were reduced to 5.7 in the last 43 cases. Ipsilateral preoperative hearing, inevitably sacrificed using the ET approach, was already significantly compromised in more than 65% of the cases. On the basis of the present data, it can be asserted that tumor diameter does not in any way preclude the use of the ET approach in AN surgery, rather the reduced morbility and shorter post-operative hospitalization make it the approach of choice for large ANs.

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Generally the main objective of acoustic neurinoma (AN) surgery is to totally remove the tumor associated with minimum morbidity. Nevertheless, in some cases residual tumor fragments are intentionally or accidentally left in place. These residues can lead to new growth. The present study provides a retrospective analysis of 14 cases of residual AN have undergone surgery at the Otology Group in Piacenza from 1987 to 1999. All these patients had previously undergone at least one retrosigmoidal exeresis although only one had been performed at the Otology Group. All patients except 1 were affected by anacusia at the time of surgery. The list of post-operative deficits included 2 hemipareses, 3 irreversible facial paralysis with consequent corneal opacity in 2 cases, 1 dysmetria and 1 paralysis of the abducent nerve. The patients had also undergone the following additional treatments: 1 emergency revision to drain a cerebellar hematoma, 3 ventricle-peritoneal derivations, 1 double application of stereotactic radiotherapy and 2 surgical procedures for facial plasty. Ten cases underwent the revision surgery at the Otologic Group using a translabyrinthine approach and 4 using a transcochlear approach. Tumor removal was deemed complete in all cases. The sole post-operative complications were a subcutaneous hematoma at the point where abdominal fat was removed and a temporary paralysis of the abducent nerve. Post-operative hospitalization was an average of 6.9 days. Analysis of the results showed that AN must be operated at selected centers in order to reduce the post-operative neurological deficit and the percentage of residual tumor. It also indicated that the retrosigmoid approach has a higher risk of accidentally leaving tumor residues than the other approaches. Finally, in the presence of a residual AN, the translabyrinthine approach offers the greatest advantages.

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The purpose of the present study was to define the indications and extension for the treatment of lymph nodes in clinically NO patients with primary malignant epithelial parotid tumors. A retrospective analysis was performed on 46 cases with such tumor out of 307 parotid neoplasms (246 benign, 61 malignant) consecutively treated from 1985 to 1994. Lymph node metastases were present only in the histotypes with a high degree of malignancy (overall incidence, 24%). Two patients (5%) showed occult metastases. No correlation was found between the size of the neoplasm and the incidence of lymph node metastases. However, the latter were significantly more common in locally highly aggressive neoplasms (class "a"), 8%; class "b" 43%; P = 0.006). Due to the small number of cases, it was not possible to correlate the incidence of occult metastases with neoplasm size or local extension. As regards topographic distribution of lymph node metastases, level II was always involved, level V was never involved, and level i.v was involved only when metastases were found in the upper levels. Occult metastases were found only at level II. Over a follow-up period of 2 to 10 years, no cases were seen with cervical recurrences. Although drawn from a limited series, the results are similar to the data generally reported in the literature, showing that lymph node metastases are rare in neoplasms with a low grade of malignancy whereas there is a significant increase in the incidence of metastatic lymph nodes and occult metastases when the grade of malignancy is high. In conclusion, in clinically NO patients, a suprahomohyoid neck dissection (levels I-II-III) is indicated only when the neoplasm shows a high grade of malignancy or when it is a class "b" malignancy. In the other cases, neck dissection is determined by the clinical evidence of metastasis and can be extended to the lower levels. Neck dissection can be avoided in NO patients whenever ultrasound and fine needle biopsy are both routinely used in the preoperative evaluation of the cervical lymph nodes.

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Open fractures of the tibia remain a formidable injury. External fixation has been the mainstay of treatment for the more severe fractures. This treatment option, however, is not without significant complications. Of particular importance is the rate of infection once the fixator is converted to a reamed intramedullary nail in cases of delayed union or nonunion. A retrospective review of the records of 20 patients who underwent unreamed, interlocked, intramedullary nailing for tibial fracture has shown that unreamed tibial rodding offers an excellent alternative to external fixation for the management of Grades I and II open tibial fractures. Additionally, for Grade III open fractures, this serves as an excellent form of preliminary stabilization, allowing the soft-tissue injury to heal.

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