RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Micropapillary carcinoma (MPC) is an aggressive variant of urothelial carcinoma that needs early and specific recognition. In order to determine whether this tumor variant can be recognized with cytology, we evaluated a large cytohistological series. STUDY DESIGN: It was a retrospective cytohistological correlation study including 20 patients with MPC. Only those cases in which the tumor exhibited >50% of micropapillary growth were selected. Twenty exfoliative urine specimens and four needle aspirates from lymph node metastases were reviewed. RESULTS: On histology, 14 cases were infiltrative, while 6 were exclusively superficial. Cytology was characterized by numerous small, cohesive groups and single neoplastic cells. Pseudopapillae were present in 17 cases and in 9 they were a relevant finding. Morules were present in 15 cases. Isolated microacini were seen in 14 cases. Infiltrative tumors showed more neoplastic groups. Cellular atypia was prominent in 17 cases. In 15 cases, a cytologic diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma was made. One case was diagnosed as adenocarcinoma. The remaining 4 cases were considered suspicious of malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: The peculiar morphology of MPC of the urinary tract is partially reflected on cytology, allowing in some cases a specific recognition. This is important since the aggressive behavior of this neoplasm needs rapid management and treatment.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/patología , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biopsia con Aguja Fina , Citodiagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Frasier syndrome is an uncommon genetic disorder featuring progressive glomerulopathy, male pseudohermaphroditism, and gonadal dysgenesis with increased risk of gonadoblastoma and malignant germ cell tumors. It is caused by mutations in the donor splice site in intron 9 of the WT1 gene. However, because of its rarity there is limited literature available on the precise spectrum and recommended treatment modalities of this syndrome. We present the clinicopathological findings in 4 patients: 3 phenotypically female adolescents presenting with proteinuria and primary amenorrhea and a 6-month-old baby girl presenting with nephrotic syndrome in whom this very unusual case of early onset was confirmed by molecular studies. The significance of early recognition of Frasier syndrome and its differentiation from Denys-Drash syndrome is reviewed and discussed. Our observation of a case presenting with early clinical manifestations, in contrast with the classical presentation in adolescence, justifies the expansion of the clinical spectrum of Frasier syndrome and contributes to the understanding and appropriate clinical management of these patients.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Frasier/genética , Síndrome de Frasier/patología , Adolescente , Amenorrea/genética , Amenorrea/patología , Cromosomas Humanos X , Cromosomas Humanos Y , Síndrome de Denys-Drash/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Disgerminoma/genética , Disgerminoma/secundario , Disgerminoma/cirugía , Diagnóstico Precoz , Femenino , Síndrome de Frasier/fisiopatología , Genes del Tumor de Wilms , Glomeruloesclerosis Focal y Segmentaria/genética , Glomeruloesclerosis Focal y Segmentaria/patología , Gonadoblastoma/genética , Gonadoblastoma/patología , Gonadoblastoma/cirugía , Humanos , Lactante , Fallo Renal Crónico/genética , Fallo Renal Crónico/patología , Mutación , Síndrome Nefrótico/genética , Síndrome Nefrótico/patología , Neoplasias Ováricas/genética , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , Neoplasias Ováricas/cirugía , Fenotipo , Proteinuria/genética , Proteinuria/patologíaRESUMEN
Objective: Thirty percent of patients with localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy experience biochemical recurrence with rising serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA). More than 50% of these develop distant metastases. Methods: Presence of PSA mRNA in pathologically normal pelvic lymph nodes from 154 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy was investigated with non-quantitative PSA reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In 135 of these patients preoperative serum PSA RT-PCR was also assessed. RT-PCR positivity was correlated with biochemical recurrence and compared with other clinical risk factors. Results: At a median follow-up of 58 months the biochemical failure-free survival of patients with positive versus negative lymph node RT-PCR was 68.4% and 76.7% respectively (p=0.2). Biochemical failure-free survival was not influenced by the serum PSA RT-PCR result either (72.3% versus 72.6%). Surgical margin status, preoperative serum PSA, pT category and Gleason score were independent prognostic risk factors for biochemical recurrence with a hazard ratio of 5.48, 2.56, 2.56 and 2.13 respectively. Conclusions: At 5 year follow-up after radical prostatectomy, both serum and lymph node RT-PCR are not correlated with biochemical failure-free survival. Established clinical risk factors have a much stronger impact on biochemical recurrence (AU)
Objetivo: El 30% de los pacientes con cáncer de próstata localizado sometidos a prostatectomía radical sufren recurrencia bioquímica con aumento del antígeno prostático específico (PSA). Más del 50% de ellos desarrollan metástasis a distancia. Métodos: Utilizando la prueba de reacción en cadena de polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa (RT-PCR) se investigó en 154 pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical la presencia de mRMA de PSA en ganglios linfáticos normales según el análisis anatomopatológico. En 135 pacientes también se evaluó la RT-PCR de PSA preoperatoria en sangre periférica. Se correlacionó un resultado positivo de RT-PCR con recurrencia bioquímica y se comparó con otros factores de riesgo clínicos. Resultados: La supervivencia libre de recurrencia bioquímica en los pacientes con RT-PCR positiva y negativa en ganglios linfáticos fue de 68,4% y 76,7% respectivamente (p = 0,2), con una mediana de seguimiento de 58 meses. El resultado de RT-PCR en suero no influyó en la supervivencia libre de recurrencia bioquímica en ninguno de los grupos (72,3% frente a 72,6%). El estado de los márgenes quirúrgicos, el PSA sérico preoperatorio, la categoría pT y el escore de Gleason fueron factores de riesgo independientes para el pronóstico de recurrencia bioquímica con un riesgo relativo de 5,48, 2,56, y 2,13 respectivamente. Conclusiones: Ni la RT-PCR de PSA sérica ni la de ganglios linfáticos se correlacionan con supervivencia libre de recidiva bioquímica a los cinco años de seguimiento después de prostatectomía radical. Factores de riesgo clínico establecidos tienen un impacto mucho más fuerte sobre la recurrencia bioquímica (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias de la Próstata/sangre , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/química , Factores de Tiempo , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios de Seguimiento , Metástasis Linfática , Estadificación de Neoplasias/métodos , Antígeno Prostático Específico/análisis , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Thirty percent of patients with localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy experience biochemical recurrence with rising serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA). More than 50% of these develop distant metastases. METHODS: Presence of PSA mRNA in pathologically normal pelvic lymph nodes from 154 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy was investigated with non-quantitative PSA reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In 135 of these patients preoperative serum PSA RT-PCR was also assessed. RT-PCR positivity was correlated with biochemical recurrence and compared with other clinical risk factors. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 58 months the biochemical failure-free survival of patients with positive versus negative lymph node RT-PCR was 68.4% and 76.7% respectively (p=0.2). Biochemical failure-free survival was not influenced by the serum PSA RT-PCR result either (72.3% versus 72.6%). Surgical margin status, preoperative serum PSA, pT category and Gleason score were independent prognostic risk factors for biochemical recurrence with a hazard ratio of 5.48, 2.56, 2.56 and 2.13 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: At 5 year follow-up after radical prostatectomy, both serum and lymph node RT-PCR are not correlated with biochemical failure-free survival. Established clinical risk factors have a much stronger impact on biochemical recurrence.
Asunto(s)
Ganglios Linfáticos/química , Antígeno Prostático Específico/análisis , Neoplasias de la Próstata/sangre , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Metástasis Linfática , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias/métodos , Estudios Prospectivos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: About 30-40% of men with localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy will have cancer recurrence. It is estimated that one third recur locally and two thirds develop distant metastases with or without local recurrence. METHODS: In the present study we investigate the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA in peripheral blood samples (n=200 patients) and pelvic lymph nodes (n=154 patients) by PSA reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and compare these results to standard histological and immunohistochemical staging. RESULTS: We have observed a statistically significant correlation of lymph node PSA RT-PCR with standard pathologic risk factors, such as Gleason score (p=0.011), the presence of Gleason patterns 4 or 5 (p=0.005), lymph node metastasis (p<0.001) and a nearly significant correlation with the pT category (p=0.087). 39.5% (57/145) of the pN0 patients had PSA mRNA detectable in their lymph nodes. Blood PSA RT-PCR showed no correlation with the aforementioned factors and was even inversely correlated with preoperative serum PSA and lymph node status. Immunohistochemistry did not detect unsuspected prostate micrometastases in any pN0 patient. CONCLUSIONS: Lymph node PSA RT-PCR correlates with the Gleason score and the presence of Gleason patterns 4 or 5. Further clinical follow-up and correlation of RT-PCR status with overall outcome is required to allow validation of lymph node RT-PCR as a predictor of distant disease recurrence.