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INTRODUCTION: The rapid identification and detection of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKP) isolates is crucial to ascertain outbreaks, as well as to limit their spread. The current reference method for this purpose is multilocus sequence typing (MLST), which is laborious and expensive. Consequently, alternative typing methods are gaining attention, such as Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). METHODS: This study sought to analyze MALDI-TOF MS as a typing method using 44 CPKP isolates that were well characterized by MLST. The most common types of samples from which these pathogens were isolated were skin and soft tissues (32%) and urine (29%). Half of the CPKP isolates were from hospitalized patients. Two approaches were followed for the analysis of the mass peak data obtained by MALDI-TOF MS. The first using all peaks obtained and the second using a selection of 21 characteristic peaks. RESULTS: The selection of 21 characteristic peaks showed greater discrimination power for ST11 and ST101. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that this dataset could be efficiently grouped with lineal classifiers. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) was chosen for this purpose after checking its capacity to classify bacterial strains on the basis of MALDI-TOF MS information. CONCLUSION: SVM was able to discriminate between ST11 and ST101 with high accuracy. In conclusion, our results reveal MALDI-TOF MS as a promising alternative technique for typing of CPKP isolates.
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Enterobacteriaceae Resistentes a los Carbapenémicos , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Proteínas Bacterianas , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana/métodos , Humanos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus/métodos , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción/métodos , beta-LactamasasRESUMEN
IntroductionThe rapid identification and detection of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKP) isolates is crucial to ascertain outbreaks, as well as to limit their spread. The current reference method for this purpose is multilocus sequence typing (MLST), which is laborious and expensive. Consequently, alternative typing methods are gaining attention, such as Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption IonizationTime Of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).MethodsThis study sought to analyze MALDI-TOF MS as a typing method using 44 CPKP isolates that were well characterized by MLST. The most common types of samples from which these pathogens were isolated were skin and soft tissues (32%) and urine (29%). Half of the CPKP isolates were from hospitalized patients. Two approaches were followed for the analysis of the mass peak data obtained by MALDI-TOF MS. The first using all peaks obtained and the second using a selection of 21 characteristic peaks.ResultsThe selection of 21 characteristic peaks showed greater discrimination power for ST11 and ST101. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that this dataset could be efficiently grouped with lineal classifiers. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) was chosen for this purpose after checking its capacity to classify bacterial strains on the basis of MALDI-TOF MS information.ConclusionSVM was able to discriminate between ST11 and ST101 with high accuracy. In conclusion, our results reveal MALDI-TOF MS as a promising alternative technique for typing of CPKP isolates.
IntroducciónLa rápida identificación y detección de los aislados de Klebsiella pneumoniae productores de carbapenemasas (CPKP) es crucial para identificar brotes e impedir la propagación de los aislados resistentes. El método de referencia para este propósito es el multilocus sequencing typing (MLST), que es un técnica laboriosa y cara, por lo que se buscan métodos de tipado alternativos que pueden desempeñar la misma función con menor esfuerzo. Entre las posibles técnicas se encuentra la espectrometría de masas de tiempo de vuelo MALDI-TOF.MétodosEste estudio se han utilizado el sistema MALDI-TOF MS para tipar 44 aislamientos de CPKP previamente caracterizados por MLST. Las muestras clínicas de las que proceden los aislados son principalmente piel y tejidos blandos (32%) y orina (29%). La mitad de los aislamientos de CPKP procedían de pacientes ingresados. El análisis los datos obtenidos por MALDI-TOF MS se realizó con 2 enfoques diferentes, el primero usando todos los picos obtenidos y el segundo usando una selección de picos.ResultadosLa selección de 21 picos característicos ofreció un mayor poder de discriminación entre ST11 y ST101. El análisis de componentes principales (PCA) indicó que este conjunto de datos podría agruparse eficientemente con clasificadores lineales. Para realizar este agrupamiento se escogió el algoritmo support vector machine (SVM, máquinas de vectores de soporte) para este propósito después de verificar su capacidad para clasificar las cepas bacterianas en base a la información de MALDI-TOF MS.ConclusiónSVM pudo discriminar entre ST11 y ST101 con alta precisión. En conclusión, nuestros resultados revelan MALDI-TOF MS puede ser una técnica alternativa para el tipificación de aislamientos de CPKP.
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Humanos , Ciencias de la Salud , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Microbiología , Enfermedades TransmisiblesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The rapid identification and detection of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKP) isolates is crucial to ascertain outbreaks, as well as to limit their spread. The current reference method for this purpose is multilocus sequence typing (MLST), which is laborious and expensive. Consequently, alternative typing methods are gaining attention, such as Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). METHODS: This study sought to analyze MALDI-TOF MS as a typing method using 44 CPKP isolates that were well characterized by MLST. The most common types of samples from which these pathogens were isolated were skin and soft tissues (32%) and urine (29%). Half of the CPKP isolates were from hospitalized patients. Two approaches were followed for the analysis of the mass peak data obtained by MALDI-TOF MS. The first using all peaks obtained and the second using a selection of 21 characteristic peaks. RESULTS: The selection of 21 characteristic peaks showed greater discrimination power for ST11 and ST101. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that this dataset could be efficiently grouped with lineal classifiers. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) was chosen for this purpose after checking its capacity to classify bacterial strains on the basis of MALDI-TOF MS information. CONCLUSION: SVM was able to discriminate between ST11 and ST101 with high accuracy. In conclusion, our results reveal MALDI-TOF MS as a promising alternative technique for typing of CPKP isolates.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Using the data from the HERACLES clinical surveillance study (2007-2016), we describe the population impact of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PVC13) on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children <15â¯years of age in the Community of Madrid, Spain. After six years of the inclusion of PCV13 in the vaccination calendar (2010-2016), and despite changes in the Regional Immunization Programme that limited its availability, the net benefit incidence rate (IR) of IPD fell by 70.1% (IRR 0.3 [95% CI: 0.22-0.4]; pâ¯≤â¯0.001), mainly due to a significant reduction (91%) in the PCV13 serotypes (IRR 0.09 [95% CI: 0.05-0.16], pâ¯≤â¯0.001). Furthermore, no significant changes were detected in the IR of IPD caused by non-PCV13 serotypes. The IRs of the aggressive, resistant and most prevalent serotype in the analysed population, the 19A serotype, dramatically decreased from the beginning to the end of the study (98%) [IRR 0.03 (95% CI: 0.00-0.19), pâ¯≤â¯0.001], to its almost total disappearance. Remarkably, this reduction led to a pronounced decline in the percentage of cefotaxime-resistant isolates and the incidence of meningitis cases. Assessment of the clinical impact revealed a reduction in the number of all clinical presentations of IPD, confirming the effectiveness of the PCV13. Finally, PCV13 detected by PCR is predicted to have a stronger impact than the one based on culture methods, which can overlook more than 20% of cases of IPD, mainly pleural empyemas.
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Infecciones Neumocócicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Neumocócicas/prevención & control , Vacunas Neumococicas/inmunología , Streptococcus pneumoniae/inmunología , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Niño , Preescolar , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Femenino , Vacuna Neumocócica Conjugada Heptavalente/inmunología , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Masculino , Infecciones Neumocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Neumocócicas/historia , Vacunas Neumococicas/administración & dosificación , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , Serogrupo , España/epidemiología , Streptococcus pneumoniae/clasificación , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Influenza virus infection is a major health care burden and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The 2009 influenza pandemic highlighted the importance of influenza surveillance. The objective of this study was to assess the epidemiology and activity of influenza A and B viruses in adults and children in the post-pandemic period with a special focus on the pediatric population. We performed a retrospective descriptive study involving adults and children with influenza-like illness at the Clinico San Carlos Hospital (Madrid, Spain) over six influenza seasons, between August 2010 and April 2016. Respiratory specimens were collected from 3131 patients and routinely processed for influenza diagnosis. Epidemiological analysis was performed in terms of gender, age, and seasonal distribution. Globally, Influenza A and B viruses were detected in the respiratory specimens of 696 (22.2%) of the 3131 studied population. Among all influenza positive specimens, 142 (20.4%) were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 61 (8.8%) were influenza A(H3N2), 321 (46.1%) were untypeable influenza A viruses and 166 (23.9%) were influenza B. Co-infection by both influenza A and B viruses was detected in six patients (0.9%). Meanwhile, co-infection with other non-influenza respiratory viruses was identified in 5 children and 20 adults. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus activity has been significantly high since the 2009 pandemic and has gradually replaced the previously circulating seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus. Moreover, influenza A(H3N2) virus activity remained at low levels during the last winter season while influenza B virus isolates increased significantly over the past 2 years.
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Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/virología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Lavado Broncoalveolar , Niño , Preescolar , Coinfección/virología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Virus de la Influenza B/genética , Virus de la Influenza B/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Humana/diagnóstico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nasofaringe/virología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estaciones del Año , España/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The activity of plazomicin and clinically relevant aminoglycosides was tested against 346 extended-spectrum-ß-lactamase/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli urinary isolates, and the results were correlated with the presence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs). Data showed that plazomicin was very active against all ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli urinary isolates. Its activity was not related to the AME genes studied.
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Aminoglicósidos/farmacología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/enzimología , Sisomicina/análogos & derivados , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Escherichia coli/genética , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Sisomicina/farmacología , Sistema Urinario/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Recientes e importantes avances en los campos de la inmunología, genómica, genómica funcional, inmunogenética, inmunogenómica, bioinformática, microbiología, ingeniería genética, biología de sistemas, bioquímica sintética, proteómica, metabolómica y nanotecnología, entre otros, facilitan nuevos enfoques en el desarrollo de vacunas. La mejor identificación de epítopos ideales, la potenciación de la respuesta inmunitaria gracias a los nuevos adyuvantes o la búsqueda de nuevas vías de administración son buenos ejemplos de avances que ya son una realidad y que favorecerán el desarrollo de más vacunas, su uso en grupos poblaciones indicados o el abaratamiento de su producción. Actualmente hay en desarrollo más de 130 nuevas vacunas frente a las enfermedades infecciosas más deseadas (malaria y VIH), las que más dificultades están planteando (CMV o VRS), graves infecciones reemergentes (dengue o ebola), enfermedades parasitarias cada vez más presentes en nuestro medio (enfermedad de Chagas o leishmaniasis), o emergentes infecciones bacterianas nosocomiales (Clostridium difficile o Staphylococcus aureus)
Recent and important advances in the fields of immunology, genomics, functional genomics, immunogenetics, immunogenomics, bioinformatics, microbiology, genetic engineering, systems biology, synthetic biochemistry, proteomics, metabolomics and nanotechnology, among others, have led to new approaches in the development of vaccines. The better identification of ideal epitopes, the strengthening of the immune response due to new adjuvants, and the search of new routes of vaccine administration, are good examples of advances that are already a reality and that will favour the development of more vaccines, their use in indicated population groups, or its production at a lower cost. There are currently more than 130 vaccines are under development against the more wished (malaria or HIV), difficult to get (CMV or RSV), severe re-emerging (Dengue or Ebola), increasing importance (Chagas disease or Leishmania), and nosocomial emerging (Clostridium difficile or Staphylococcus aureus) infectious diseases
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Humanos , Vacunas/farmacología , Genómica/tendencias , Inmunogenética/tendencias , Inmunoterapia/tendencias , Biología Computacional/tendencias , Proteómica/tendencias , Metabolómica/tendencias , Epítopos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Recent and important advances in the fields of immunology, genomics, functional genomics, immunogenetics, immunogenomics, bioinformatics, microbiology, genetic engineering, systems biology, synthetic biochemistry, proteomics, metabolomics and nanotechnology, among others, have led to new approaches in the development of vaccines. The better identification of ideal epitopes, the strengthening of the immune response due to new adjuvants, and the search of new routes of vaccine administration, are good examples of advances that are already a reality and that will favour the development of more vaccines, their use in indicated population groups, or its production at a lower cost. There are currently more than 130 vaccines are under development against the more wished (malaria or HIV), difficult to get (CMV or RSV), severe re-emerging (Dengue or Ebola), increasing importance (Chagas disease or Leishmania), and nosocomial emerging (Clostridium difficile or Staphylococcus aureus) infectious diseases.
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Vacunas , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/inmunología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/prevención & control , Epítopos/inmunología , Humanos , Opinión Pública , Vacunación/psicología , Vacunación/tendencias , Vacunas/efectos adversos , Vacunas/inmunología , Vacunas de Subunidad , Vacunas SintéticasRESUMEN
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) cause serious infections and are associated with high mortality in part due to limited treatment options. The in vitro activities of the new aminoglycoside plazomicin and comparators were evaluated against a collection of 164 CPE (VIM-1, n=125; KPC-2, n=34; OXA-48, n=4; and IMP-22, n=1). MIC90 values of gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin were 256, 64 and 16 mg/L, respectively. Plazomicin exhibited an MIC range of 0.12-4 mg/L with MIC50 and MIC90 values of 0.25 and 1 mg/L. The MICs of plazomicin did not correlate with the other aminoglycoside MICs, with the resistance phenotype or with the carbapenemase harboured. Chequerboard experiments against 10 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates showed that combinations of plazomicin with colistin yielded synergy against 60% of the strains. Synergy of plazomicin with meropenem or fosfomycin was detected against 20% and 25% of the isolates, respectively. Using time-kill methodology, the interactions of plazomicin at 2×, 1× and 0.5× MIC with meropenem, colistin, fosfomycin or tigecycline at steady-state concentrations against two K. pneumoniae carrying the VIM-1 enzyme were investigated. Bactericidal activity was evident for both isolates at 2× MIC of plazomicin. Synergy was observed when plazomicin was combined with meropenem, colistin or fosfomycin against both isolates, whilst the combination with tigecycline resulted in indifference. Antagonism was not observed for any of the combinations tested. The results of this study suggest that plazomicin may address the need for new therapeutic options for the treatment of infections due to CPE.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Colistina/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamiento farmacológico , Fosfomicina/farmacología , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Minociclina/análogos & derivados , Sisomicina/análogos & derivados , Tienamicinas/farmacología , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismo , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Enterobacter/efectos de los fármacos , Enterobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Klebsiella oxytoca/efectos de los fármacos , Klebsiella oxytoca/aislamiento & purificación , Klebsiella pneumoniae/aislamiento & purificación , Meropenem , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Minociclina/farmacología , Serratia marcescens/efectos de los fármacos , Serratia marcescens/aislamiento & purificación , Sisomicina/farmacología , TigeciclinaRESUMEN
Nosocomial pathogens can be associated with a variety of infections, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs) and in immunocompromised patients. Usually these pathogens are resistant to multiple drugs and pose therapeutic challenges. Among these organisms, Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most frequent being encountered in the clinical setting. Carbapenems are very useful to treat infections caused by these drug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli, but carbapenem resistance is increasing globally. Combination therapy is frequently given empirically for hospital-acquired infections in critically ill patients and is usually composed of an adequate beta-lactam and an aminoglycoside. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of plazomicin against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Amikacin was used as a comparator. The activity of plazomicin in combination with several different antibiotics was tested by disk diffusion, the checkerboard method, and time-kill studies. Synergy was consistently observed with carbapenems (meropenem and/or imipenem) along with plazomicin or amikacin. When the aminoglycosides were combined with other classes of antibiotics, synergy was observed in some cases, depending on the strain and the antibiotic combination; importantly, there was no antagonism observed in any case. These findings indicate the potential utility of plazomicin in combination with other antibiotics (mainly carbapenems) for the treatment of A. baumannii infections, including those caused by carbapenem-resistant isolates.
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Acinetobacter baumannii/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Imipenem/farmacología , Sisomicina/análogos & derivados , Tienamicinas/farmacología , Infecciones por Acinetobacter/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Acinetobacter/microbiología , Acinetobacter baumannii/crecimiento & desarrollo , Acinetobacter baumannii/aislamiento & purificación , Amicacina/farmacología , Infección Hospitalaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Humanos , Meropenem , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Sisomicina/farmacología , Resistencia betalactámica/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
La enfermedad neumocócica invasiva (ENI) supone un grave problema en algunos grupos de riesgo: los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica estadios 4 y 5 y aquellos con estadio 3 y tratamiento inmunosupresor, síndrome nefrótico o diabetes. Estos individuos son más susceptibles de adquirir la infección y más propensos a padecer cuadros de mayor gravedad y peor evolución. Entre las estrategias para prevenir la ENI se encuentra la vacunación, aunque las coberturas vacunales en este grupo son más bajas de lo deseable hoy en día. Actualmente, disponemos de dos vacunas para el adulto. La vacuna polisacárida (VNP23), que se emplea en mayores de 2 años de edad desde hace décadas, es la que mayor número de serotipos (23) incluye, pero no genera memoria inmunitaria, provoca un fenómeno de tolerancia inmunitaria y no actúa sobre la colonización nasofaríngea. La vacuna conjugada (VNC13) puede emplearse desde lactantes hasta la edad adulta (la indicación en mayores de 18 años ha recibido la aprobación de la Agencia Europea de Medicamentos en julio de 2013) y genera una respuesta inmunitaria más potente que la VNP23 frente a la mayoría de los 13 serotipos en ella incluidos. Las 16 sociedades científicas más directamente relacionadas con los grupos de riesgo para padecer ENI han trabajado en la discusión y elaboración de una serie de recomendaciones vacunales basadas en las evidencias científicas respecto a la vacunación antineumocócica en el adulto con condiciones y patología de base que se recogen en el documento «Consenso: Vacunación antineumocócica en el adulto con patología de base». En el presente texto se recogen las recomendaciones de vacunación para la población de enfermos renales crónicos (AU)
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a serious problem in some risk groups: patients with stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease, stage 3 CKD undergoing immunosuppressive treatment, nephrotic syndrome or diabetes. These individuals are more susceptible to infections and more prone to suffering more severe and worsening symptoms. Vaccination is one of the strategies for preventing IPD, although vaccination coverage in this group at present is lower than desired. Currently, there are two vaccinations for adults. The polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), used for decades in patients over the age of 2, includes most serotypes (23), but it does not generate immune memory, causing the immune tolerance phenomenon and it does not act on nasopharyngeal colonisation. The conjugate vaccine (VNC13) can be used from infancy until adulthood (advice in patients over 18 years old received approval from the European Medicines Agency in July 2013) and generates a more powerful immune response than PPSV23 against the majority of the 13 serotypes that it includes. The 16 scientific societies most directly associated with the groups at risk of IPD have discussed and drafted a series of vaccination recommendations based on scientific evidence related to pneumococcal vaccination in adults with underlying conditions and pathologies, which are the subject of the document "Consensus: Pneumococcal vaccination in adults with underlying pathology". This text sets out the vaccination recommendations for the chronic kidney disease population (AU)
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Humanos , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/complicaciones , Infecciones Neumocócicas/prevención & control , Neumonía Neumocócica/prevención & control , Vacunas Neumococicas/administración & dosificación , Trasplante de Riñón , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina , Streptococcus pneumoniae/patogenicidadRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a serious problem in some risk groups: patients with stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease, stage 3 CKD undergoing immunosuppressive treatment, nephrotic syndrome or diabetes. These individuals are more susceptible to infections and more prone to suffering more severe and worsening symptoms. Vaccination is one of the strategies for preventing IPD, although vaccination coverage in this group at present is lower than desired. Currently, there are two vaccinations for adults. The polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), used for decades in patients over the age of 2, includes most serotypes (23), but it does not generate immune memory, causing the immune tolerance phenomenon and it does not act on nasopharyngeal colonisation. The conjugate vaccine (VNC13) can be used from infancy until adulthood (advice in patients over 18 years old received approval from the European Medicines Agency in July 2013) and generates a more powerful immune response than PPSV23 against the majority of the 13 serotypes that it includes. The 16 scientific societies most directly associated with the groups at risk of IPD have discussed and drafted a series of vaccination recommendations based on scientific evidence related to pneumococcal vaccination in adults with underlying conditions and pathologies, which are the subject of the document “ CONSENSUS: Pneumococcal vaccination in adults with underlying pathology”. This text sets out the vaccination recommendations for the chronic kidney disease population.
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Infecciones Neumocócicas/prevención & control , Vacunas Neumococicas , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Vacunación , Humanos , Infecciones Neumocócicas/complicaciones , Infecciones Neumocócicas/epidemiología , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/complicaciones , Factores de Riesgo , EspañaRESUMEN
Here we describe the carbapenemase genes, genetic relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility data of 123 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) clinical isolates recovered from 2010 to 2012, comprising Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 79), Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 13), Serratia marcescens (n = 14), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 12), Enterobacter asburiae (n = 4) and Enterobacter aerogenes (n = 1). VIM-1 was the most common carbapenemase (n = 101) followed by KPC-2 (n = 19), OXA-48 (n = 2) and IMP-22 (n = 1). Among the K. pneumoniae isolates, nine sequence types (STs) were identified but two clones were dominant: ST11 (54/79) containing mainly VIM-1-producing isolates; and ST101 (13/79) constituted by KPC-2-producing strains. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed a higher genetic diversity among the remaining Enterobacteriaceae. Amikacin and fosfomycin were the most active agents with 82.9% and 80.5% susceptibility, respectively. Non-susceptibility to tigecycline was detected in 36.5% of strains. Overall, colistin resistance was 24.7% and was as high as 47% in Enterobacter spp. An increase in colistin resistance from 13.5% to 31.7% was observed among K. pneumoniae isolates during the study period. Resistance was focused on ST11 since 83.3% of colistin-resistant strains belonged to this clone. The high level of colistin resistance observed in this study is worrying with respect to the already limited therapeutic options for infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Colistina/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Enterobacteriaceae/efectos de los fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/enzimología , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Enterobacteriaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiología , Humanos , España , Centros de Atención Terciaria , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
INTRODUCCIÓN: La vigilancia y el control de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SARM) debe ser una prioridad para todos los centros, incluyendo la detección activa de portadores. En este marco nuestro primer objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de portadores nasales de Staphylococcus aureus sensible a la meticilina (SASM) y SARM entre los estudiantes de medicina del Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Al ser la prevalencia entre el personal sanitario superior a la de la población general, establecimos la hipótesis de que entre los estudiantes aumentaría durante las prácticas clínicas de los 3 últimos años. Métodos En 2008 llevamos a cabo una estimación epidemiológica de prevalencia de portadores, realizando un exudado nasal a los estudiantes de tercer curso, y en 2012 se la realizamos a los de la misma promoción cuando estaban en sexto. Resultados Se encontró un aumento significativo (p < 0,03) de portadores de SASM, pasando del 27 al 46%. No hubo portadores de SARM en tercero, y sí un caso en sexto. El 89% de S. aureus fueron resistentes a la penicilina y el 27% a la eritromicina y la clindamicina. Se aislaron 19 Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos RM que representan un reservorio para la transferencia horizontal de genes, concretamente el gen mecA, a S. aureus. Conclusiones Aumenta la colonización por SASM de forma significativa entre los estudiantes de medicina durante su estancia en el hospital. Adquieren y pueden ser una fuente de patógenos nosocomiales y, por lo tanto, deberían prestar especial cuidado a las medidas higiénicas, como el lavado correcto de manos, durante su actividad hospitalaria
INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen of major concern. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has increasingly complicated the therapeutic approach of hospital-acquired infections. Surveillance of MRSA and control measures must be implemented in different healthcare settings, including screening programs for carriers. Our first aim was to determine the prevalence of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA nasal carriage in medical students from the Clínico San Carlos Hospital (Madrid). As the MRSA carrier rate in healthcare workers is higher than in the general population, we hypothesised that carrier rate could be increased during their clinical practice in their last three years. METHODS: We performed an epidemiologic al study of the prevalence of S. aureus colonisation among a group of medical students, who were sampled in 2008 in their third-year, and in 2012 when this class was in its sixth year. RESULTS: We have found a significant increase in MSSA carriage, from 27% to 46%. There were no MRSA colonisations in the third-year, but one was found in the sixth-year group. The large majority of strains (89%) of strains were resistant to penicillin, and 27% to erythromycin and clindamycin. As 19 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus MR were also identified, a horizontal transfer of genes, such as mecA gene to S. aureus, could have occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Medical students are both, at risk for acquiring, and a potential source of nosocomial pathogens, mainly MSSA. Therefore, they should take special care for hygienic precautions, such as frequent and proper hand washing, while working in the hospital
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Humanos , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/aislamiento & purificación , Nariz/microbiología , Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Estudiantes de Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Desinfección de las Manos/tendencias , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Control de Infecciones/tendencias , Portador Sano/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Escherichia coli is the most important uropathogen. The appearance of extended- spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E.coli in urinary tract infections (UTI) constitutes an important therapeutic challenge that requires the study of its evolution throughout time in order to establish a suitable empirical treatment. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli urinary isolates in 2005, 2009 and 2011. We also determined the antimicrobial coresistance to several agents, including fosfomycin. METHODS: We analyzed 5053, 6324 and 6644 E. coli isolates obtained from urine cultures in 2005, 2009 and 2011 respectively. Duplicate isolates were excluded. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Wider microdilution system (Soria Melguizo S.A.) and the phenotypic pattern of resistance that indicated a BLEE-producing E.coli was selected (CLSI 2009). RESULTS: 3.9% of strains (198) were ESBL producers in 2005, 7.3% (463) in 2009 and 8.7% (584) in 2011. Resistance to carbapenems was detected in 2009, they inhibited more than the 95% of strains in 2011. Among the non-beta-lactams, colistin was the most active antibiotic followed by nitrofurantoin. Ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were not effective with 80% and 60% resistant isolates, respectively. An increasing resistance trend, from 0% to 9.3% in 2009 and 14.4% in 2011 was observed for fosfomycin. CONCLUSIONS: From 2005 our institution had an increasing prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli rising to 8.7% in 2011. Carbapenems are still the most active agents. The increase of resistance was significant for fosfomycin.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Escherichia coli/enzimología , Fosfomicina/farmacología , Infecciones Urinarias/microbiología , beta-Lactamasas/análisis , Carbapenémicos/farmacología , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Prevalencia , Orina/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Respiratory virus infections are a major health concern and represent the primary cause of testing consultation and hospitalization for young children. The application of nucleic acid amplification technology, particularly multiplex PCR coupled with fluidic or fixed microarrays, provides an important new approach for the detection of multiple respiratory viruses in a single test. The aim of this study was to analyze respiratory samples from children with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) using a commercial array-based method (CLART(®) PneumoVir Genomica, Coslada, Spain). These tests were used to identify viruses in 281 nasopharyngeal samples obtained from children affected by ARTI. Samples were obtained form October 2008 to April 2009. Viruses were identified in 80% of the studied ARTI providing useful information on clinical features and epidemiology of specific agents affecting children in cold months. Multiple viral infections were found in 33.45% of the specimens.
Asunto(s)
Virus ADN/aislamiento & purificación , Virus ARN/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Virosis/virología , Enfermedad Aguda , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Lactante , Masculino , Análisis por Micromatrices , Nasofaringe/virología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodosRESUMEN
The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for rapid detection and identification of the enzymes responsible for carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter spp. appears as a promising option, but it will be necessary to have a standardized protocol that facilitates routine use. Based on the results reported herein and comparisons of several previously published reports, we identified the significant peaks for imipenem detection. Optimal bacterial inoculum and incubation time were established, and results obtained with and without dipicolinic acid (DPA) and Zn(2+) allowed us to distinguish between metallo-beta-lactamases and oxacillinases.
Asunto(s)
Acinetobacter/enzimología , Proteínas Bacterianas/análisis , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción , beta-Lactamasas/análisis , Acinetobacter/efectos de los fármacos , Acinetobacter/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/química , Carbapenémicos/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Imipenem/química , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Ácidos Picolínicos , ZincRESUMEN
Las infecciones por virus respiratorios representan la primera causa de consulta y hospitalización en la población pediátrica. El empleo de técnicas moleculares, principalmente aquellas basadas en PCR múltiple acoplada a detección por microarrays, supone un importante avance para la detección de varios de estos virus en un único ensayo. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido el análisis de muestras respiratorias procedentes de niños con infección respiratoria aguda (ARTI) mediante un método comercial (CLART® PneumoVir). Este método se basa en la amplificación y detección por microarrays de los 17 virus humanos más frecuentes en este tipo de patología. El ensayo se ha llevado a cabo en 281 muestras nasofaríngeas provinientes de niños con ARTI que acudieron al Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid entre Octubre del 2008 y Abril del 2009. El 80% de las muestras estudiadas presentaron un resultado positivo para, al menos, uno de los 17 virus analizados proporcionando una valiosa información sobre las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los agentes específicos que afectan a la población pediátrica en los meses fríos. Gracias a la técnica empleada pudieron detectarse infecciones múltiples en el 33,45% de las muestras(AU)
Respiratory virus infections are a major health concern and represent the primary cause of testing consultation and hospitalization for young children. The application of nucleic acid amplification technology, particularly multiplex PCR coupled with fluidic or fixed microarrays, provides an important new approach for the detection of multiple respiratory viruses in a single test. The aim of this study was to analyze respiratory samples from children with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) using a commercial array-based method (CLART® PneumoVir Genomica, Coslada, Spain). These tests were used to identify viruses in 281 nasopharyngeal samples obtained from children affected by ARTI. Samples were obtained form October 2008 to April 2009. Viruses were identified in 80% of the studied ARTI providing useful information on clinical features and epidemiology of specific agents affecting children in cold months. Multiple viral infections were found in 33.45% of the specimens(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/diagnóstico , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/genética , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/terapia , Genotipo , Rhinovirus , Rhinovirus/genética , Rhinovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Profilaxis Antibiótica/instrumentación , Profilaxis Antibiótica/métodos , Profilaxis AntibióticaRESUMEN
Introducción. Escherichia coli es el principal uropatógeno. La aparición de cepas productoras de Beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE), que con frecuencia presentan multirresistencia, deja pocas opciones terapéuticas, y es necesario realizar un seguimiento de su sensibilidad a lo largo del tiempo. En el presente trabajo se presentan los porcentajes de aislados urinarios de E.coli productores de BLEE durante 2005, 2009 y 2011 y se comparan los resultados de la determinación de su sensibilidad a antibióticos de diferentes grupos, fosfomicina entre ellos. Métodos. Se analizaron 5.053, 6.324 y 6.644 aislados urinarios de E. coli en 2005, 2009 y 2011 respectivamente. Se excluyeron duplicados. La sensibilidad se determinó por microdilución con el sistema Wider (Soria Melguizo S.A.) y se seleccionó el fenotipo que indicaba producción de BLEE (CLSI 2009). Resultados. El 3,9% de las cepas (198) resultó productor de BLEE en 2005, el 7,3% (463) en 2009 y el 8,7% (584) en 2011. Se detectó resistencia a carbapenemicos en 2009, aunque continúan con un 95% de sensibilidad. Entre los no-Betalactámicos, colistina fue el más activo, seguido de nitrofurantoina. Ciprofloxacino y sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim presentaron un 80% y 60% de resistencia, respectivamente. Se observó una tendencia al aumento de la resistencia en fosfomicina, desde 0% a 9,3 llegando al 14,4% en 2011. Conclusiones. Se observó una creciente prevalencia de cepas de E. coli productoras de BLEE aisladas de urocultivos, alcanzando el 8,7% en 2011. Los carbapenemicos siguen siendo los antibióticos más activos frente a este tipo de cepas. El aumento de resistencia a fosfomicina fue significativo(AU)
Introduction. Escherichia coli is the most important uropathogen. The appearance of extended- spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E.coli in urinary tract infections (UTI) constitutes an important therapeutic challenge that requires the study of its evolution throughout time in order to establish a suitable empirical treatment. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli urinary isolates in 2005, 2009 and 2011. We also determined the antimicrobial coresistance to several agents, including fosfomycin. Methods. We analyzed 5053, 6324 and 6644 E. coli isolates obtained from urine cultures in 2005, 2009 and 2011 respectively. Duplicate isolates were excluded. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Wider microdilution system (Soria Melguizo S.A.) and the phenotypic pattern of resistance that indicated a BLEE-producing E.coli was selected (CLSI 2009). Results. 3.9% of strains (198) were ESBL producers in 2005, 7.3% (463) in 2009 and 8.7% (584) in 2011. Resistance to carbapenems was detected in 2009, they inhibited more than the 95% of strains in 2011. Among the non-beta-lactams, colistin was the most active antibiotic followed by nitrofurantoin. Ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were not effective with 80% and 60% resistant isolates, respectively. An increasing resistance trend, from 0% to 9.3% in 2009 and 14.4% in 2011 was observed for fosfomycin. Conclusions. From 2005 our institution had an increasing prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli rising to 8.7% in 2011. Carbapenems are still the most active agents. The increase of resistance was significant for fosfomycin(AU)
Asunto(s)
Fosfomicina/análisis , Fosfomicina , Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , beta-Lactamasas/análisis , beta-Lactamasas/aislamiento & purificación , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Antibacterianos/análisis , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Carbapenémicos/análisis , Carbapenémicos , Nitrofurantoína/uso terapéutico , Ciprofloxacina/farmacocinética , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapéutico , Sulfametoxazol/administración & dosificación , Sulfametoxazol/análisis , Sulfametoxazol/uso terapéutico , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Farmacorresistencia MicrobianaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen of major concern. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has increasingly complicated the therapeutic approach of hospital-acquired infections. Surveillance of MRSA and control measures must be implemented in different healthcare settings, including screening programs for carriers. Our first aim was to determine the prevalence of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA nasal carriage in medical students from the Clínico San Carlos Hospital (Madrid). As the MRSA carrier rate in healthcare workers is higher than in the general population, we hypothesised that carrier rate could be increased during their clinical practice in their last three years. METHODS: We performed an epidemiologic al study of the prevalence of S. aureus colonisation among a group of medical students, who were sampled in 2008 in their third-year, and in 2012 when this class was in its sixth year. RESULTS: We have found a significant increase in MSSA carriage, from 27% to 46%. There were no MRSA colonisations in the third-year, but one was found in the sixth-year group. The large majority of strains (89%) of strains were resistant to penicillin, and 27% to erythromycin and clindamycin. As 19 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus MR were also identified, a horizontal transfer of genes, such as mecA gene to S. aureus, could have occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Medical students are both, at risk for acquiring, and a potential source of nosocomial pathogens, mainly MSSA. Therefore, they should take special care for hygienic precautions, such as frequent and proper hand washing, while working in the hospital.