RESUMEN

Leptospirosis and brucellosis are zoonotic diseases with global distributions that represent severe hazards to humans and animals. We investigated exposure to Leptospira spp. and Brucella spp. in samples from Amazonian manatees Trichechus inunguis, Amazon river dolphins Inia geoffrensis, and a tucuxi Sotalia fluviatilis. The animals were free-ranging or undergoing in situ rehabilitation in the mid-Solimões River region, Brazilian Amazon. Serum samples from 19 Amazonian manatees were tested by microscopic agglutination test, Rose Bengal test, and 2-mercaptoethanol Brucella agglutination test. Antibodies against Leptospira spp. were detected in 63% of the manatees tested and serovar Patoc was considered the infecting serovar in all positive samples. Titers were generally low, indicating chronic exposure, but higher titers indicative of an active infection were detected in 3 animals. Anti-Brucella spp. antibodies were not detected. Tissue and/or body fluid samples from 12 Amazon river dolphins, a tucuxi, and 2 Amazonian manatees were investigated by multiplex PCR and bacteriology for Leptospira spp. and Brucella spp. All samples were negative. However, Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from uterine fluid, lymph node, and lung of 3 Amazon river dolphins. Bacillus spp. were isolated from milk and synovial fluid from 2 Amazon river dolphins and from a milk sample from 1 Amazonian manatee. Knowledge of the pathogens present in Amazonian manatees, Amazon river dolphins, and tucuxis is of great relevance to species conservation and environmental health. Although no clinical signs were noted, further research is needed to elucidate the clinical relevance of infection by Leptospira sp. serovar Patoc in Amazonian aquatic mammals.

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Abortion and complications in reproduction are important causes of economic loss in horse breeding. Studies of its causal agents can help to identify the primary pathogens or other factors involved and define appropriate measures to reduce its occurrence. This research aimed to investigate the primary causes of equine abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in regions of Brazil. Tissue from aborted fetuses, stillbirths, neonates and foals submitted to the Biological Institute of São Paulo, Brazil, from January 2010 to July 2013 were processed for viral and bacterial isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), histology, and immunohistochemistry. Bacterial infection was the primary detected cause of abortion, found in 16 of the 53 animals submitted for bacterial analysis followed by viruses analysis in 2 of 105 animals, and noninfectious causes (neonatal isoerythrolysis) in 2 of 105 animals. Fungi were found in a single sample of 53 tested. The most frequent bacteria recovered were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, combined E. coli and Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Bacillus spp. The following agents were each observed in a single sample: Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Actinobacillus spp., and Rhodococcus equi. The predominant identification of fecal and other opportunistic bacteria as opposed to pathogens commonly associated with equine abortion, such as Leptospira spp. and equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), suggests the need of improving hygiene management of breeding mares to prevent bacterial infection that may cause fetal loss, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality.(AU)

Abortamento e complicações na reprodução são importantes causas de perda econômica na equideocultura. Estudos dos agentes causais podem ajudar a identificar patógenos ou outros fatores envolvidos e definir medidas apropriadas para reduzir sua ocorrência. Esta pesquisa investigou as causas primárias de aborto, natimortalidade e mortalidade perinatal em equinos de diversas regiões do Brasil. Tecidos de fetos abortados, natimortos e potros submetidos ao Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2013, foram processados por meio de técnicas de isolamento viral e bacteriano, PCR, histologia e imuno-histoquímica. Infecção bacteriana foi a causa mais detectada, encontrada em 16 de 53 amostras submetidas à análise bacteriana, seguida de causa viral em 2 de 105 amostras, e causas não infecciosas (isoeritrólise neonatal) em 2 de 105 amostras. Fungo foi encontrado em uma única amostra de 53 testadas. As bactérias isoladas mais frequentemente foram Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli associada a Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. associado a Bacillus spp. Os seguintes agentes foram observados em uma única amostra cada: Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Actinobacillus spp. e Rhodococcus equi. A identificação predominante de bactérias fecais e outras bactérias oportunistas, ao invés de outros patógenos comumente associados a quadros de abortamento equino, tais como Leptospira spp. e Herpesvírus equino tipo 1, sugere a necessidade de maior atenção no manejo higiênico das éguas em reprodução, a fim de prevenir infecções bacterianas que possam causar perda fetal, natimortalidade e mortalidade perinatal.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Abortion and complications in reproduction are important causes of economic loss in horse breeding. Studies of its causal agents can help to identify the primary pathogens or other factors involved and define appropriate measures to reduce its occurrence. This research aimed to investigate the primary causes of equine abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in regions of Brazil. Tissue from aborted fetuses, stillbirths, neonates and foals submitted to the Biological Institute of São Paulo, Brazil, from January 2010 to July 2013 were processed for viral and bacterial isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), histology, and immunohistochemistry. Bacterial infection was the primary detected cause of abortion, found in 16 of the 53 animals submitted for bacterial analysis followed by viruses analysis in 2 of 105 animals, and noninfectious causes (neonatal isoerythrolysis) in 2 of 105 animals. Fungi were found in a single sample of 53 tested. The most frequent bacteria recovered were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, combined E. coli and Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Bacillus spp. The following agents were each observed in a single sample: Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Actinobacillus spp., and Rhodococcus equi. The predominant identification of fecal and other opportunistic bacteria as opposed to pathogens commonly associated with equine abortion, such as Leptospira spp. and equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), suggests the need of improving hygiene management of breeding mares to prevent bacterial infection that may cause fetal loss, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality.(AU)

Abortamento e complicações na reprodução são importantes causas de perda econômica na equideocultura. Estudos dos agentes causais podem ajudar a identificar patógenos ou outros fatores envolvidos e definir medidas apropriadas para reduzir sua ocorrência. Esta pesquisa investigou as causas primárias de aborto, natimortalidade e mortalidade perinatal em equinos de diversas regiões do Brasil. Tecidos de fetos abortados, natimortos e potros submetidos ao Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2013, foram processados por meio de técnicas de isolamento viral e bacteriano, PCR, histologia e imuno-histoquímica. Infecção bacteriana foi a causa mais detectada, encontrada em 16 de 53 amostras submetidas à análise bacteriana, seguida de causa viral em 2 de 105 amostras, e causas não infecciosas (isoeritrólise neonatal) em 2 de 105 amostras. Fungo foi encontrado em uma única amostra de 53 testadas. As bactérias isoladas mais frequentemente foram Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli associada a Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. associado a Bacillus spp. Os seguintes agentes foram observados em uma única amostra cada: Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Actinobacillus spp. e Rhodococcus equi. A identificação predominante de bactérias fecais e outras bactérias oportunistas, ao invés de outros patógenos comumente associados a quadros de abortamento equino, tais como Leptospira spp. e Herpesvírus equino tipo 1, sugere a necessidade de maior atenção no manejo higiênico das éguas em reprodução, a fim de prevenir infecções bacterianas que possam causar perda fetal, natimortalidade e mortalidade perinatal.(AU)

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Foodborne diseases are a major public health issue but their overall incidence is underestimated due to insufficient report. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk and cheese of uninspected production obtained from cattle bred on the polluted banks of the Tietê River. Generally, milk from these animals is used to prepare fresh cheese, which is then commercialized by the producers themselves or in local markets. We analyzed 81 samples consisting of 38 samples of cheeses, 15 samples of raw milk and 28 samples of water collected from the Tietê River. These samples were evaluated for the presence of the three pathogens using bacteriological methods and the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with primers specific for each bacterial genus. In the bacteriological examination, all samples were negative for Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. In the PCR test, Brucella spp. was detected in 5/38 (13.16%) cheese samples. Campylobacter spp. was present in 18/38 (47.37%) cheese samples, 1/15 (6.66%) raw milk samples and in 12/28 (42.86%) water samples. Listeria monocytogenes was not detected by PCR. The detection of Brucella spp. DNA in cheese and Campylobacter spp. DNA in cheese, milk and water may reflect inadequate animal sanitary management and deficiencies in goodmanufacturing practices. The presence of these pathogens in the food and water may pose a threat to thehealth of the consumer and increase the incidence of zoonosis.(AU)

As doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTA) ainda são subnotificadas, sendo difícil estimar a incidência global. O presente estudo objetivou detectar a presença de Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. e Listeria monocytogenes em queijo de produção informal e leite cru, provenientes de bovinos criados às margens poluídas do Rio Tietê. O leite desses animais era utilizado na preparação de queijos tipo frescal, comercializados pelos próprios produtores ou no comércio local. No total, 81 amostras foram analisadas: 38 de queijos, 15 de leite cru e 28 alíquotas de água do Rio Tietê. Os materiais foram processados por métodos bacteriológicos e pela reação da polimerase em cadeia (PCR) convencional, específicos para cada gênero. Todas as amostras foram negativas no exame bacteriológico para Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Pela PCR, Brucella spp. foi detectada em 5/38 (13,16%) queijos de produção informal; Campylobacter spp. em 18/38 (47,37%) queijos, 1/15 (6,66%) leite cru e em 12/28 (42,86%) amostras das águas analisadas. Listeria monocytogenes não foi detectada pela PCR. A detecção da presença de DNA de Brucella spp. no queijo e de DNA de Campylobacter spp. no queijo, leite e água, podem indicar manejo sanitário inadequado dos animais e deficiência nas boas práticas de fabricação, com potencial risco para a saúde do consumidor e, aumentando assim, o risco da disseminação de zoonoses.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Foodborne diseases are a major public health issue but their overall incidence is underestimated due to insufficient report. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk and cheese of uninspected production obtained from cattle bred on the polluted banks of the Tietê River. Generally, milk from these animals is used to prepare fresh cheese, which is then commercialized by the producers themselves or in local markets. We analyzed 81 samples consisting of 38 samples of cheeses, 15 samples of raw milk and 28 samples of water collected from the Tietê River. These samples were evaluated for the presence of the three pathogens using bacteriological methods and the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with primers specific for each bacterial genus. In the bacteriological examination, all samples were negative for Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. In the PCR test, Brucella spp. was detected in 5/38 (13.16%) cheese samples. Campylobacter spp. was present in 18/38 (47.37%) cheese samples, 1/15 (6.66%) raw milk samples and in 12/28 (42.86%) water samples. Listeria monocytogenes was not detected by PCR. The detection of Brucella spp. DNA in cheese and Campylobacter spp. DNA in cheese, milk and water may reflect inadequate animal sanitary management and deficiencies in goodmanufacturing practices. The presence of these pathogens in the food and water may pose a threat to thehealth of the consumer and increase the incidence of zoonosis.

As doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTA) ainda são subnotificadas, sendo difícil estimar a incidência global. O presente estudo objetivou detectar a presença de Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. e Listeria monocytogenes em queijo de produção informal e leite cru, provenientes de bovinos criados às margens poluídas do Rio Tietê. O leite desses animais era utilizado na preparação de queijos tipo frescal, comercializados pelos próprios produtores ou no comércio local. No total, 81 amostras foram analisadas: 38 de queijos, 15 de leite cru e 28 alíquotas de água do Rio Tietê. Os materiais foram processados por métodos bacteriológicos e pela reação da polimerase em cadeia (PCR) convencional, específicos para cada gênero. Todas as amostras foram negativas no exame bacteriológico para Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Pela PCR, Brucella spp. foi detectada em 5/38 (13,16%) queijos de produção informal; Campylobacter spp. em 18/38 (47,37%) queijos, 1/15 (6,66%) leite cru e em 12/28 (42,86%) amostras das águas analisadas. Listeria monocytogenes não foi detectada pela PCR. A detecção da presença de DNA de Brucella spp. no queijo e de DNA de Campylobacter spp. no queijo, leite e água, podem indicar manejo sanitário inadequado dos animais e deficiência nas boas práticas de fabricação, com potencial risco para a saúde do consumidor e, aumentando assim, o risco da disseminação de zoonoses.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Foodborne diseases are a major public health issue but their overall incidence is underestimated due to insufficient report. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk and cheese of uninspected production obtained from cattle bred on the polluted banks of the Tietê River. Generally, milk from these animals is used to prepare fresh cheese, which is then commercialized by the producers themselves or in local markets. We analyzed 81 samples consisting of 38 samples of cheeses, 15 samples of raw milk and 28 samples of water collected from the Tietê River. These samples were evaluated for the presence of the three pathogens using bacteriological methods and the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with primers specific for each bacterial genus. In the bacteriological examination, all samples were negative for Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. In the PCR test, Brucella spp. was detected in 5/38 (13.16%) cheese samples. Campylobacter spp. was present in 18/38 (47.37%) cheese samples, 1/15 (6.66%) raw milk samples and in 12/28 (42.86%) water samples. Listeria monocytogenes was not detected by PCR. The detection of Brucella spp. DNA in cheese and Campylobacter spp. DNA in cheese, milk and water may reflect inadequate animal sanitary management and deficiencies in goo

As doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTA) ainda são subnotificadas, sendo difícil estimar a incidência global. O presente estudo objetivou detectar a presença de Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. e Listeria monocytogenes em queijo de produção informal e leite cru, provenientes de bovinos criados às margens poluídas do Rio Tietê. O leite desses animais era utilizado na preparação de queijos tipo frescal, comercializados pelos próprios produtores ou no comércio local. No total, 81 amostras foram analisadas: 38 de queijos, 15 de leite cru e 28 alíquotas de água do Rio Tietê. Os materiais foram processados por métodos bacteriológicos e pela reação da polimerase em cadeia (PCR) convencional, específicos para cada gênero. Todas as amostras foram negativas no exame bacteriológico para Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Pela PCR, Brucella spp. foi detectada em 5/38 (13,16%) queijos de produção informal; Campylobacter spp. em 18/38 (47,37%) queijos, 1/15 (6,66%) leite cru e em 12/28 (42,86%) amostras das águas analisadas. Listeria monocytogenes não foi detectada pela PCR. A detecção da presença de DNA de Brucella spp. no queijo e de DNA de Campylobacter spp. no queijo, leite e água, podem indicar manejo sanitário inadequado dos animais e deficiência nas boas práticas de fabricação, com potencial risco para a saúde do consumidor e, aumentando assim, o risco da

RESUMEN

The objective of this work was to determine the occurrence and identify risk factors associated to Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) infection in goats from Alagoas State, Brazil. The research was developed on 24 farms of goat production from ten municipalities of the three different Alagoas Mesoregions. The sample consisted in blood serum of 255 females over then 24 months. The search of antibodies against C. abortus was made by micromethod of complement fixation. From 255 samples that were examined, three (1,17%) were positive to antibodies against C. abortus with 8,33% of the farms showing positive animals. This was the first report on antibodies to C. abortus in goats in the Alagoas State. The existence of infection foci in two regions indicates the spread of infection by C. abortus is present in the studied farms and could be assume significance in reproduction of goat in the studied region. However, research from Chlamydophila abortus in routine diagnosis of reproductive disorders is necessary so that can be possible to establish the enzootic character of this infection and implement adequate control measures.

Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) em caprinos no Estado de Alagoas. O estudo foi realizado em 24 propriedades em dez municípios situados nas três Mesorregiões do Estado de Alagoas. A amostragem foi por conveniência composta por 255 matrizes caprinas com idade igual ou acima dos 24 meses. A pesquisa de anticorpos anti-C. abortus foi realizada utilizando a microtécnica da Reação da Fixaçãodo Complemento. Das 255 amostras analisadas observou-se que três (1,17%) foram positivas para anticorpos anti-C. abortus e 8,33% das propriedades apresentaram animais positivos. Relata-se a primeira ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Chlamydophila abortus em caprinos no Estado de Alagoas. A existência de focos em duas Mesorregiões do Estado indica a disseminação da infecção por C. abortus nas propriedades estudadas e pode ser um dos agentesinfecciosos que causam distúrbios reprodutivos nas criações de caprinos estudadas. Entretanto, outros estudos são necessários para que se possa estabelecer o caráter enzoótico desta infecção, assim como o isolamento do agente.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The objective of this work was to determine the occurrence and identify risk factors associated to Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) infection in goats from Alagoas State, Brazil. The research was developed on 24 farms of goat production from ten municipalities of the three different Alagoas Mesoregions. The sample consisted in blood serum of 255 females over then 24 months. The search of antibodies against C. abortus was made by micromethod of complement fixation. From 255 samples that were examined, three (1,17%) were positive to antibodies against C. abortus with 8,33% of the farms showing positive animals. This was the first report on antibodies to C. abortus in goats in the Alagoas State. The existence of infection foci in two regions indicates the spread of infection by C. abortus is present in the studied farms and could be assume significance in reproduction of goat in the studied region. However, research from Chlamydophila abortus in routine diagnosis of reproductive disorders is necessary so that can be possible to establish the enzootic character of this infection and implement adequate control measures.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) em caprinos no Estado de Alagoas. O estudo foi realizado em 24 propriedades em dez municípios situados nas três Mesorregiões do Estado de Alagoas. A amostragem foi por conveniência composta por 255 matrizes caprinas com idade igual ou acima dos 24 meses. A pesquisa de anticorpos anti-C. abortus foi realizada utilizando a microtécnica da Reação da Fixaçãodo Complemento. Das 255 amostras analisadas observou-se que três (1,17%) foram positivas para anticorpos anti-C. abortus e 8,33% das propriedades apresentaram animais positivos. Relata-se a primeira ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Chlamydophila abortus em caprinos no Estado de Alagoas. A existência de focos em duas Mesorregiões do Estado indica a disseminação da infecção por C. abortus nas propriedades estudadas e pode ser um dos agentesinfecciosos que causam distúrbios reprodutivos nas criações de caprinos estudadas. Entretanto, outros estudos são necessários para que se possa estabelecer o caráter enzoótico desta infecção, assim como o isolamento do agente.(AU)

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RESUMEN

Campylobacteriosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis. One of the main virulence factors related to Campylobacter spp. in animals and humans is the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), encoded by three adjacent genes (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC). The occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in samples of vegetables has not been reported in Brazil yet, and has seldom been described in the international literature. The detection of CDT in these strains has not been reported, either. The objectives of the present study were to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. strains carrying virulence factors in samples of poultry and vegetables (lettuce and spinach) from different points of sale, thus verifying if vegetables are as an important vehicle for potentially virulent Campylobacter spp. strains as poultry. Twenty four strains were identified as Campylobacter jejuni by phenotypic and genotypic methods: 22 from broiler carcasses and two from lettuce samples. Three strains were identified as Campylobacter coli: two from broiler carcasses and one from lettuce. The presence of the cdt genes were detected in 20/24 (83.3%) C. jejuni strains, and 3/3 (100%) C. coli strains. The isolation of Campylobacter spp. strains with the cdt gene cluster in lettuce samples points to a new possible source of contamination, which could have an impact in the vegetable production chain and risk to public health. Results show that potentially virulent C. jejuni and C. coli strains remain viable in samples of broiler carcasses and vegetables at the points of sale.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Campylobacteriosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis. One of the main virulence factors related to Campylobacter spp. in animals and humans is the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), encoded by three adjacent genes (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC). The occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in samples of vegetables has not been reported in Brazil yet, and has seldom been described in the international literature. The detection of CDT in these strains has not been reported, either. The objectives of the present study were to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. strains carrying virulence factors in samples of poultry and vegetables (lettuce and spinach) from different points of sale, thus verifying if vegetables are as an important vehicle for potentially virulent Campylobacter spp. strains as poultry. Twenty four strains were identified as Campylobacter jejuni by phenotypic and genotypic methods: 22 from broiler carcasses and two from lettuce samples. Three strains were identified as Campylobacter coli: two from broiler carcasses and one from lettuce. The presence of the cdt genes were detected in 20/24 (83.3%) C. jejuni strains, and 3/3 (100%) C. coli strains. The isolation of Campylobacter spp. strains with the cdt gene cluster in lettuce samples points to a new possible source of contamination, which could have an impact in the vegetable production chain and risk to public health. Results show that potentially virulent C. jejuni and C. coli strains remain viable in samples of broiler carcasses and vegetables at the points of sale.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar as prevalências de propriedades positivas e animais soropositivos para Chlamydophila abortus em ovinos deslanados da região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil, bem como identificar fatores de risco. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 476 ovinos procedentes de 72 propriedades em 14 municípios na mesorregião do Sertão, Estado da Paraíba. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção por Chlamydophila abortus foi utilizada a reação de fixação de complemento (RFC). Uma propriedade foi considerada positiva quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Das 72 propriedades usadas 38 (52,8%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo, e dos 476 animais 94 (19,7%) foram soropositivos. Participação em exposições (odds ratio =4,31; IC 95% =1,80-10,35; p=0,011) foi identificada como fator de risco. Sugere-se que a infecção por Chlamydophila abortus encontra-se disseminada em ovinos da região, e baseando-se na análise de fatores de risco, recomenda-se o controle sanitário nas exposições de animais.

The aim of this investigation was to determine the flock-level and animal-level prevalences of Chlamydophila abortus in sheep from the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil, as well as to identify risk factors. Blood samples were collected from 476 sheep of 72 flocks in 14 counties in the Sertão mesoregion, state of Paraíba. For the serological diagnosis of Chlamydophila abortus infection the complement fixation test (FC) was carried out. A flock was positive when presented at least one seropositive animal. From the 72 flocks, 38 (52.8%) presented at least one seropositive sheep, and 94 (19.7%) of the 476 animals were seropositive. Participation in animal expositions (odds ratio= 4.31; 95% CI= 1.80-10.35; p=0.011) was identified as risk factor. It is suggested that C. abortus infection is spread in sheep of the region, and based on the risk factor analysis sanitary control in animal expositions is recommended.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar as prevalências de propriedades positivas e animais soropositivos para Chlamydophila abortus em ovinos deslanados da região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil, bem como identificar fatores de risco. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 476 ovinos procedentes de 72 propriedades em 14 municípios na mesorregião do Sertão, Estado da Paraíba. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção por Chlamydophila abortus foi utilizada a reação de fixação de complemento (RFC). Uma propriedade foi considerada positiva quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Das 72 propriedades usadas 38 (52,8%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo, e dos 476 animais 94 (19,7%) foram soropositivos. Participação em exposições (odds ratio =4,31; IC 95% =1,80-10,35; p=0,011) foi identificada como fator de risco. Sugere-se que a infecção por Chlamydophila abortus encontra-se disseminada em ovinos da região, e baseando-se na análise de fatores de risco, recomenda-se o controle sanitário nas exposições de animais.(AU)

The aim of this investigation was to determine the flock-level and animal-level prevalences of Chlamydophila abortus in sheep from the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil, as well as to identify risk factors. Blood samples were collected from 476 sheep of 72 flocks in 14 counties in the Sertão mesoregion, state of Paraíba. For the serological diagnosis of Chlamydophila abortus infection the complement fixation test (FC) was carried out. A flock was positive when presented at least one seropositive animal. From the 72 flocks, 38 (52.8%) presented at least one seropositive sheep, and 94 (19.7%) of the 476 animals were seropositive. Participation in animal expositions (odds ratio= 4.31; 95% CI= 1.80-10.35; p=0.011) was identified as risk factor. It is suggested that C. abortus infection is spread in sheep of the region, and based on the risk factor analysis sanitary control in animal expositions is recommended.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Campylobacteriosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis. One of the main virulence factors related to Campylobacter spp. in animals and humans is the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), encoded by three adjacent genes (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC). The occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in samples of vegetables has not been reported in Brazil yet, and has seldom been described in the international literature. The detection of CDT in these strains has not been reported, either. The objectives of the present study were to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. strains carrying virulence factors in samples of poultry and vegetables (lettuce and spinach) from different points of sale, thus verifying if vegetables are as an important vehicle for potentially virulent Campylobacter spp. strains as poultry. Twenty four strains were identified as Campylobacter jejuni by phenotypic and genotypic methods: 22 from broiler carcasses and two from lettuce samples. Three strains were identified as Campylobacter coli: two from broiler carcasses and one from lettuce. The presence of the cdt genes were detected in 20/24 (83.3%) C. jejuni strains, and 3/3 (100%) C. coli strains. The isolation of Campylobacter spp. strains with the cdt gene cluster in lettuce samples points to a new possible source of contamination, which could have an impact in the vegetable production chain and risk to public health. Results show that potentially virulent C. jejuni and C. coli strains remain viable in samples of broiler carcasses and vegetables at the points of sale.

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Foram estudadas causas infecciosas de aborto em fetos caprinos e ovinos, em especial Aborto Enzoótico Ovino, Toxoplasma gondii e brucelose, no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Utilizou-se 23 amostras de fetos, natimortos e neonatos procedentes de criatórios, a partir de 8 semanas de gestação, incluindo um neonato. Os fetos apresentavam-se em estado de autólise variável e 4 estavam em processo de mumificação. Os achados mais comuns foram: líquido serosanguinolento na cavidade torácica (17 - 73,91%), edema subcutâneo (10 - 43,48%), líquido serosanguinolento na cavidade abdominal (7 - 30,43%), no saco pericárdico (9 - 39,13%) e hemorragia subcutânea (8 - 34,78%). O achado histopatológico mais freqüente foi a reação do endotélio vascular, observada no pulmão (9/39,13%), além de coração, fígado, rim, baço e cérebro. Somente um feto (4,35%) apresentou lesões características de toxoplasmose. As amostras submetidas ao PCR foram negativas para Chlamydophila spp. No exame microbiológico das secreções vaginais foram identificadas Streptococcus spp. e Escherichia coli em uma matriz caprina e Staphylococcus spp. em outra. Não se isolou Brucella sp em nenhuma das amostras estudadas. A ausência da placenta na maior parte dos fetos examinados e o avançado estado de autólise dos fetos dificultaram o diagnóstico das causas de abortamento.

Infectious causes of abortion associated to reproductive disorders in goat and sheep foetus were studied, in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Samples of 23 foetus, stillborn and newborn were procedent from goat and sheep raising flocks, from 8 of gestation, including a two weeks old newborn. Most foetus were autolized, and 4 (17.39%) were in mummifying process. The most frequent findings were the presence of serohaemorhagic fluid in the thoracic cavity (17/73.91%), subcutaneous oedema (10/43.48%), presence of serohaemorhagic fluid in the abdominal cavity (7/30.43%), in the pericardic sac (9/39.13%) and subcutaneous hemorrhageae (8/34.78%). Histopathologic findings included endotelium vascular reaction in the lungs (9/39.13%), but also in the heart, liver, kidney, spleen and brain. Only one embryo (4.35%) presented characteristic injuries of toxoplasmosis. All samples sent for PCR were negative for Chlamydophila spp. Microbiological examination of vaginal secretions identified Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli in a goat matrix. In another one, the isolation of Staphylococcus spp. was possible. Brucella sp was not isolated in any sample. Absence of placenta and advanced autolysis in most foetus made difficult diagnosing the causes of abortion.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Foram estudadas causas infecciosas de aborto em fetos caprinos e ovinos, em especial Aborto Enzoótico Ovino, Toxoplasma gondii e brucelose, no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Utilizou-se 23 amostras de fetos, natimortos e neonatos procedentes de criatórios, a partir de 8 semanas de gestação, incluindo um neonato. Os fetos apresentavam-se em estado de autólise variável e 4 estavam em processo de mumificação. Os achados mais comuns foram: líquido serosanguinolento na cavidade torácica (17 - 73,91%), edema subcutâneo (10 - 43,48%), líquido serosanguinolento na cavidade abdominal (7 - 30,43%), no saco pericárdico (9 - 39,13%) e hemorragia subcutânea (8 - 34,78%). O achado histopatológico mais freqüente foi a reação do endotélio vascular, observada no pulmão (9/39,13%), além de coração, fígado, rim, baço e cérebro. Somente um feto (4,35%) apresentou lesões características de toxoplasmose. As amostras submetidas ao PCR foram negativas para Chlamydophila spp. No exame microbiológico das secreções vaginais foram identificadas Streptococcus spp. e Escherichia coli em uma matriz caprina e Staphylococcus spp. em outra. Não se isolou Brucella sp em nenhuma das amostras estudadas. A ausência da placenta na maior parte dos fetos examinados e o avançado estado de autólise dos fetos dificultaram o diagnóstico das causas de abortamento.(AU)

Infectious causes of abortion associated to reproductive disorders in goat and sheep foetus were studied, in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Samples of 23 foetus, stillborn and newborn were procedent from goat and sheep raising flocks, from 8 of gestation, including a two weeks old newborn. Most foetus were autolized, and 4 (17.39%) were in mummifying process. The most frequent findings were the presence of serohaemorhagic fluid in the thoracic cavity (17/73.91%), subcutaneous oedema (10/43.48%), presence of serohaemorhagic fluid in the abdominal cavity (7/30.43%), in the pericardic sac (9/39.13%) and subcutaneous hemorrhageae (8/34.78%). Histopathologic findings included endotelium vascular reaction in the lungs (9/39.13%), but also in the heart, liver, kidney, spleen and brain. Only one embryo (4.35%) presented characteristic injuries of toxoplasmosis. All samples sent for PCR were negative for Chlamydophila spp. Microbiological examination of vaginal secretions identified Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli in a goat matrix. In another one, the isolation of Staphylococcus spp. was possible. Brucella sp was not isolated in any sample. Absence of placenta and advanced autolysis in most foetus made difficult diagnosing the causes of abortion.(AU)

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A Chlamydophila abortusi, anteriormente conhecida como Chlamydia psittaci sovovar 1, é uma bactéria Gram negativa, intracelular obrigatória. Esse micro-organismo é frequentemente encontrado em distúrbios reprodutivos em ovinos, bovinos e caprinos, sendo o aborto epizoótico dos bovinos e o aborto enzoótico dos ovinos e caprinos as manifestações mais importantes. Considerando-se o pouco material literário a respeito da clamidofilose no Brasil, a pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar a presença de anticorpos fixadores de complemento anti-Chlamydophila abortusi, correlacionando os resultados obtidos com achados no exame clínico e histórico dos animais, além de alterações nos índices zootécnicos, em especial na esfera reprodutiva, tais como alto índice de repetição de cio, número elevado de abortamentos, elevado número de natimortos, entre outros. Foram testadas para prova de fixação do complemento 220 amostras de soro de ovinos, de 26 propriedades, distribuídas em 19 municípios, com relato de manifestação reprodutiva, obtendo-se 19,55% (43/220) de testes positivos para Chlamydophila abortusi, com ocorrência de foco constatada de 61,53%. No geral, a titulação de anticorpos encontrada foi baixa, com título não superior a 64. A frequência de manifestação reprodutiva mais observada foi o aborto, representando 65,12% (28/43) do número total de animais soropositivos, seguido de repetição de cio juntamente com nascimento de cordeiro fraco, com frequência de 6,98% (3/43) e, por fim, morte neonatal com 4,65% (2/43), sendo que não houve associação significativa entre animais que foram positivos ao teste e a esses fatores.

The Chlamydophila abortusi was previously known as Chlamydia psittaci sorovar 1, it is a Gram negative and obligate intracellular bacteria. This microorganism is frequently related with reproductive manifestation in ovines, goats and bovines. The major manifestation are Enzootic abortion in bovines and enzootic abortion in small ruminants. There are few literary material about clamidofilosis in Brazil, so the present research had the objective to determine the presence of complement fixing antibodies anti-Chlamydophila abortusi, correlating the results with the clinical examination and historical of the animals, besides variation in the zootecnic index, especially in the reproductive characters like high index of cio repetition, high abortion number, high neonatal mortality number etc. It was tested for the complement fixation test 220 serum ovine samples, from 26 properties, distributed in 19 cities, with historical of reproductive manifestation. It was found 19.55% (43/220) of positive tests to Chlamydophila abortusi, obtaining 61.53% of focus occurrence. In the study low antibodies titers were found, not superior of 64. Abortion was the major reproductive manifestation observed, expressing 65.12% (28/43) of the total number animals serum positive, followed by estrus repetition and weak lamb born, with a frequency of 6.98% (3/43) and, lastly, neonatal mortality death with 4.65% (2/43). No significant association was observed between serum positivity and these factors.

RESUMEN

The present study aimed at evaluating the concordance between PCR and microbiological culture techniques for analysing organs samples from cattle with suspected lesions of tuberculosis. Fifty-twosamples collected from slaughter houses were analyzed by microbiological culture, and the extracted DNA was amplified by PCR using NZ1 and NZ2 primers. These primers identify the mycobacteria belongingto M. tuberculosis complex, and the primers pair pncA differentiate the M . bovis from M. tuberculosis species. The colonies isolated from 30 samples were suspended, and the extracted DNA was amplifiedby PCR using the same primer pairs. Although the agreement has been considered weak (k = 0.175) between microbiological culture and PCR performed directly in clinical samples using NZ1 and NZ2 primers, the two pairs of primers could amplify the target genes when 100% of the extracted DNA from 30 isolated colonies were used. Thus, PCR employing pncA primer pair enabled to identify M.bovis in the isolated colonies at a short time when compared with the biochemical assays. The concomitant use of PCR and bacteriologic culture techniques hastens the confirmation of detected agent, which is essential inconducting the epidemiological studies and in taking preventive control measures. (AU)

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The present study aimed at evaluating the concordance between PCR and microbiological culture techniques for analysing organs samples from cattle with suspected lesions of tuberculosis. Fifty-twosamples collected from slaughter houses were analyzed by microbiological culture, and the extracted DNA was amplified by PCR using NZ1 and NZ2 primers. These primers identify the mycobacteria belongingto M. tuberculosis complex, and the primers pair pncA differentiate the M . bovis from M. tuberculosis species. The colonies isolated from 30 samples were suspended, and the extracted DNA was amplifiedby PCR using the same primer pairs. Although the agreement has been considered weak (k = 0.175) between microbiological culture and PCR performed directly in clinical samples using NZ1 and NZ2 primers, the two pairs of primers could amplify the target genes when 100% of the extracted DNA from 30 isolated colonies were used. Thus, PCR employing pncA primer pair enabled to identify M.bovis in the isolated colonies at a short time when compared with the biochemical assays. The concomitant use of PCR and bacteriologic culture techniques hastens the confirmation of detected agent, which is essential inconducting the epidemiological studies and in taking preventive control measures.

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To determine the frequency of anti-Brucella canis antibodies in dogs attended in veterinary clinics from Patos, Paraíba State, Brazil, as well as to identify risk factors and to isolate and identify the agent, 193 dogs were used. Agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) was used to detect B. canis antibodies in sera. Isolation of B. canis was carried out in blood and bone marrow from seropositive animals. Six animals tested seropositive in AGID, resulting in a frequency of 3.11 percent. B. canis was isolated from bone marrow of one seropositive animal, with confirmation by PCR. Lack of cleaning of the dog's environment was identified as risk factor (odds ratio = 7.91). This is the first report of isolation of B. canis in dogs from the Northeast region of Brazil.

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The goal of this study was to perform a seroepidemiological investigation and to identify risk factors associated with infection of Chlamydophila abortus of sheep herds in the Brazilian state of Alagoas. The study was conducted with samples of 274 ewes with ages equal to or higher than 24 months in 25 herds and in 23 towns located in three regions of the state (Sertão, Agreste and Eastern Alagoas). Anti-C. abortus antibodies were detected using the microcomplement fixation test. The risk factors, were determined based on questionnaires consisting of objective questions, about the farmer and general characteristics of the herd like size, sanitary situation and reproductive management. Among 274 sera samples analyzed for C. abortus, 59 (21.5 percent) were positive with titers >32, 187 (68.3 percent) negative and 28 (10.2 percent) suspect with titers >16. In the 23 towns studied, 20 had positive animals. Among herds 21 (77.7 percent) of had positive animals. The only variable which appeared to be significant in the multivariate analysis was the region, and Sertão was the most significant (p<0.001; OR=3.48; T.I. 1.79 - 6.76). Results indicate that infection by Chlamydophila abortus is widespread on sheep farms in the State of Alagoas. Others studies, however, have to be conducted to isolate the agent in order to confirm the role of the bacteria is reproductive disturbances in sheeps. In addition to that, control and prophylactic measures along with health promoting programs have to be encouraged on the studied farms so that infection reates are reduced.

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