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Since the antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages, physicians had been observing the harmful effects and the illnesses in people who worked in manufacture and/or mining. They would draw attention to such effects and propose solutions which often entailed improvement of working conditions and environment. The ancient physicians from Varazdin had been familiar with such literature, accepted the ideas thereof, and implemented them in practice. Moreover, they followed-up those who had been exposed to similar harmful effects. Some of their interpretations and understanding do not fall short of the modern perceptions of work-related harmful effects and some seem to be far ahead of their times. The introduction of administrative regulations was gradual; at start rare and related to exposure of certain individuals and later more frequent and comprehensive. Scientific approach to the need for systematic occupational safety has taken root in Croatia ever since World War I. Experts in the field have published important papers on the matter. Varazdin has joined the incentive for health care and protection of the exposed to harmful effects of modern industry and working environment since 1956. Physicians are specialising in occupational medicine. The section of occupational medicine in Varazdin was established within the Institute for Hygiene that later gradually transformed to a well organised unit for occupational health care.

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The results of the cervical Pap. smear taken before cold knife conization and the histopathological results of the cones removed in 336 women, were compared. In cytological examination we found 10.8% (13/120) false negative results, which did not confirm of the existence the precancerous lesion within cervical epithelium. The mild dysplasia according to Pap. smears was established among 15.9% (15/94) of women with CIN III and CIN II diagnosed pathologically. In part of the women the histopathological results of the postoperative specimens and bioptic cervical material were compared. Clinical value and correlation between histopathological and cytological results in the estimation of CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) were discussed with particular regard to CIN I according to Bethesda system.

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The review examples of usage of the Latin term magister (master) in various common titles throughout the past, particularly in Croatia. As early as the Roman Empire and until the Middle Ages, the title magister designated various functions and duties, generally denoting authority, higher rank, or a responsible position. The review highlights certain historical events and persons related to the usage of the title magister. Ever since the Middle Ages, the title has specifically denoted various health care professions. The term was used in Latin, as it was the official language in Croatia at the time, for example, m. chirurgiae (master of surgery), m. obstetritiae (master of obstetrics), m. artis occularis (master of the eye-related skills), m. hospitalis (master of the hospice), m. sanitatis (health care master). As an example, the review shows the difference between the titles doctor medicinae and m. obstetritiae according to John the Baptist Lalangue (1743-1799), the official physician of the Varazdin county in the Hapsburg Empire and one of the most prominent figures in the history of health care in Croatia. Lalangue was the author of the first professional medical book in the Croatian language published in 1776 and of several other books in Croatian. The books were meant to teach medical professionals and ordinary people how to improve their health. Beside the title of medical doctor, Lalangue held the title of m. obstetritiae which he earned through additional education. He thought it was essential for a complete health provider to be trained both in general practice and in obstetrics which, at the time, included infant care. Nowadays in Croatia, only persons who are graduate pharmacists use magister pharmaciae as a professional title. The title is otherwise strictly reserved to denote an academic degree between the bachelor's and the doctoral in a particular field. The title magister scientiarum (Master of Science) is achieved upon completion of a postgraduate study and defence of the master's thesis.

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The paper presents particulars on damaging effects of work on human health drawn from the first professional medical book published in the Croatian language. Most official documents and papers of the 18th century were written in Latin. Originally, the subject book, Medicina Ruralis, was also written in Latin and subsequently translated to Croatian. It was published in 1776, in the city of Varazdin, Croatian capital at the time. The author was John the Baptist Lalangue, the viceroy's physician and the official physician of the Varazdin county, during the rule of Hapsburg archduchess Maria Theresa. The paper attempts to show to what extent does the Lalangue's book reflect the first ideas and recommendations related to occupational diseases, particularly those described in the capital work of Ramazzini who was acknowledged as "the father of occupational health". Such ideas developed with the progress of the Industrial Revolution at the end of 17th century. In his book, Lalangue considers hard, physical work the major cause of diseases in population he observed and cured in his everyday practice. He gave detailed recommendations for physicians on how to get professional history data of the patient. Furthermore, Lalangue's book introduces the first ideas as to the professional rehabilitation of diseased persons. The paper concludes that Lalangue's ideas represent the origins of modern occupational health on Croatian territory, and emphasises the significance of such ideas appearing soon after their occurrence in other industrially more developed European countries.

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Usefulness of the standard test to control hemostatic balance has been evaluated in 22 pregnant women in III trimester with preeclampsia. Unpregnant and pregnant healthy women there were the control group. Increase of the fibrinogen concentration and the fibrinolysis time prolongation have been confirmed as well as increase of the degradation fibrin/ogen products (FDP/fdp) concentration (significantly the highest in the women with moderate preeclampsia). The remaining parameters of hemostasis in women with preeclampsia there were within laboratory standards.

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A hundred and forty four pregnant women between 35 and 42 weeks of pregnancy with unfavourable cervices were given intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel for cervical priming and labour induction. Successfully inductions of labour were achieved in 102 (70.8%) women and failed inductions were in 42 (20.2%) women. Cesarean section was performed in 15.6% women in group with successfully inductions of labour and in 19% in group where unsuccessfully inductions were continued by traditional methods. All infants were delivered in good condition. There was no correlation between fetal weight and efficiency of labour induction with intracervical PGE2.

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A Croatian translation of a Latin document dated February 15, 1836 found in the Historic Archives of the city of Varazdin is presented. The document concerns two Varazdin physicians from the first half of the nineteenth century. One of them, the official city physician, replies to the questions of the Municipal Board about the act committed by the other physician during delivery of a child. Rough curricula vitae of both physicians are also given. The physician's reply is a very strong criticism and condemnation not only of the other physician's act, but also of this work, lack of professional attitude, and dubious personal qualities. A negative judgement is also passed on the city surgeon of the time. The author offers possible ground for such criticism, and states his opinion about incorrect relationship between colleagues as physicians and men, that is matter not only of the past.

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The paper deals with selected occupational safety and health regulations in Croatia in the last century and at the beginning of this century, which aimed at protecting the worker in crafts, industry, on farms and in various other occupations against the effects of toxic and other noxious substances and against injury at the workplace. Regulations relating to health protection of the general population from the adverse effects of particular substances are also discussed. Toxic metals (e.g. lead, copper, tin, arsenic) were to be found in various types of pottery or in the colouring matter for use in foodstuffs and drinks as well as in dyes used in the manufacturing of toys, paints and wall-paper. Apart from sporadic decisions and legal actions organized occupational health care was non-existent at that time. Laws and regulations concerning protection from occupational and non-occupational hazards came into force progressively, with developing knowledge about beneficial and adverse features of various substances in human use.

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In 173 women with oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, serum level of prolactin (PRL) was determined by radioimmunoassay method. In 22 cases (12.7%) the concentration of PRL was above 15 ng/ml. From the above women in 9 cases (5.2%) of all examined patients pituitary microadenoma was diagnosed. In 1 patient with pituitary microadenoma, coexisting partially empty sella was diagnosed. The mean basal PRL concentration in women with menstruation disturbances without hyperprolactinemia (group I) was found to be 7.1 +/- 3.1 ng/ml while the women with hyperprolactinemia without pituitary microadenoma (group II) was 32.9 +/- 5.8 ng/ml. In women with diagnosed pituitary microadenoma (group III) PRL concentration was 131.8 +/- 47.7 ng/ml. The group II and III demonstrated statistically significant increase of serum prolactin level in comparison to group I. Moreover in comparison with group I, statistically significant reduction of serum level of FSH, LH and estradiol 17 beta was confirmed in group with pituitary microadenoma. In group II significant decrease of serum concentration of LH and estradiol 17 beta was stated as well as lack of significant difference in serum level of FSH, in comparison to group I.

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