RESUMEN
Aging is associated with declining levels of several hormones, including estrogen. Although the effects of estrogen on the skin are still not fully understood, it is known that, in women, declining estrogen levels are associated with a variety of cutaneous changes, many of which can be reversed or improved by strogen supplementation. Estrogen are C-18 steroids synthesized from cholesterol in the ovary premenopausally and in the peripheral tissue in postmenopausal women. Two estrogen receptors, alpha and beta, have been cloned and found in various tissue. Studies of postmenopausal women indicate that estrogen deprivation is associated with dryness, atrophy, fine wrinkling, poor healing, and hot flashes. Epidermal thinning, declining dermal collegen content, diminished skin moisture, decreased laxity, and impaired wound healing have been reported in postmenopausal women. This article reviews the effects of declining estrogen levels on the skin and the effects of estrogen supplementation.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Humanos , Animales , Colágeno , Dermis , Envejecimiento , Envejecimiento de la Piel , Epidermis , Estradiol , Estrógenos , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de la Piel , Hormona Folículo Estimulante , Hormona Luteinizante , Medición de Riesgo , Menopausia , Pigmentación de la Piel , Pubertad , Posmenopausia , Receptores de Estrógenos , Tejido Elástico , Terapia de Reemplazo de EstrógenoRESUMEN
Pressure ulcers are localized areas of tissue necrosis that result from unrelieved pressure. They are graded or staged according to the degree of tissue damage observed. The main etiologic factors include pressure, shearing forces, friction, and moisture. The clinical course may be complicated by several conditions including infection, sepsis, osteomyelitis, fistulas, and carcinoma. Preventive measures in persons at risk can significantly reduce the incidence of pressure ulcers. Successful management should address the four etiologic factors as well as the general condition of the patient.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Factores de Riesgo , Úlcera por Presión/complicaciones , Úlcera por Presión/epidemiología , Úlcera por Presión/prevención & controlRESUMEN
The treatment of leg ulcers is a common and sometimes difficult problem. They can be costly to treat and are associated with loss of working capacity and sometimes significant morbidity. In the western world, leg ulcers are most frequently caused by venous insufficiency, arterial insufficiency, neuropathy (usually diabetic), or a combination of these factors. The pathogenesis, clinical features, and management of these types of leg ulcers are emphasized in this review.