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OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of a multifaceted complementary therapies intervention, delivered in a systematic manner within an Australian public hospital setting, on quality of life and symptom distress outcomes for cancer patients. METHODS: Adults receiving treatment for any form of cancer were eligible to participate in this study. Self-referred participants were offered a course of six complementary therapy sessions. Measures were administered at baseline, and at the third and sixth visit. The primary outcomes were quality of life and symptom distress. Linear mixed models were used to assess change in the primary outcomes. RESULTS: In total, 1376 cancer patients participated in this study. The linear mixed models demonstrated that there were significant improvements in quality of life and significant reductions in symptom distress over six sessions. Body-based therapies demonstrated significantly superior improvement in quality of life over counselling, but no other differences between therapies were identified. Reduced symptom distress was not significantly associated with any particular type of therapy. CONCLUSION: A self-selected complementary therapies intervention, provided in an Australian public hospital by accredited therapists, for cancer patients significantly mproved quality of life and reduced symptom distress. The effect of this intervention on quality of life has particular salience, since cancer impacts on many areas of people's lives and impairs quality of life.

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OBJECTIVES: The Patient Evaluation of Emotional Comfort Experienced (PEECE) is a 12-item questionnaire which measures the mental well-being state of emotional comfort in patients. The instrument was developed using previous qualitative work and published literature. DESIGN: Instrument development. SETTING: Acute Care Public Hospital, Western Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Sample of 374 patients. INTERVENTIONS: A multidisciplinary expert panel assessed the face and content validity of the instrument and following a pilot study, the psychometric properties of the instrument were explored. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis assessed the underlying dimensions of the PEECE instrument; Cronbach's α was used to determine the reliability; κ was used for test-retest reliability of the ordinal items. RESULTS: 2 factors were identified in the instrument and named 'positive emotions' and 'perceived meaning'. A greater proportion of male patients were found to report positive emotions compared with female patients. The instrument was found to be feasible, reliable and valid for use with inpatients and outpatients. CONCLUSIONS: PEECE was found to be a feasible instrument for use with inpatient and outpatients, being easily understood and completed. Further psychometric testing is recommended.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential of specific angiotensin II subtype 1 (AT1) receptor blockade to modify the mesenteric hemodynamic response to acute hypovolemia and retransfusion. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled experimental study. SETTING: University-affiliated animal research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Fasted, anesthetized, ventilated, juvenile domestic pigs of both sexes. INTERVENTIONS: Acute, graded hypovolemia by 20% and 40% of the total estimated blood volume followed by retransfusion in control animals (CTRL; n = 10) and animals pretreated with the AT1 receptor blocker candesartan (CAND; n = 10). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Invasive monitoring of arterial and central venous blood pressures, cardiac output, portal venous blood flow, and jejunal mucosal blood flow. Blood gases were repeatedly analyzed to calculate oxygen delivery and consumption. Thirty minutes after each level of hypovolemia at 20% and 40%, cardiac output was decreased in CTRL animals from a baseline of 2.9 +/- 0.1 to 1.8 +/- 0.2 and 1.1 +/- 0.2 L/min, with no differences compared with CAND animals. Cardiac output was restored to 3.0 +/- 0.3 L/min 30 mins after retransfusion in CTRL animals, with no significant intergroup differences. Baseline portal venous blood flow (Q(MES)) and jejunal mucosal perfusion (PU(JEJ)) were greater in CAND animals compared with CTRL animals. During graded hypovolemia, CAND animals maintained Q(MES) and PU(JEJ) at significantly higher levels compared with CTRL animals, particularly after 40% hemorrhage (+221% and + 244%, respectively, relative to the mean values in CTRL animals). The same pattern was observed after retransfusion. Moreover, the calculated mesenteric critical oxygen delivery was significantly greater in CTRL animals (74 mL/min) compared with CAND animals (34 mL/min). No animals died in the CAND group, whereas four animals died during 40% hypovolemia or retransfusion in the CTRL group. CONCLUSIONS: Specific AT1 blockade before acute hypovolemia significantly ameliorated mesenteric and, in particular, jejunal mucosal hypoperfusion. In addition, cardiovascular stability was improved, and mortality in conjunction with acute hypovolemia and retransfusion could be completely avoided. These findings support a fundamental role of the renin-angiotensin system in the mesenteric response to acute hypovolemia and indicate a substantial interventional potential for candesartan in conjunction with circulatory stress.

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In a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of iv immunoglobulin (IVIG) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS), 130 children less than 8 years of age were referred for recurrent bacterial respiratory tract infections, as judged by the referring physician. Of the 130 children referred, only 24 continued to have bacterial respiratory infections over a 4-month observation period. They were randomized and 23/24 treated for 4 months during the winter-spring season. The 7 children given placebo for both IVG adn TMS continued to have bacterial respiratory infections, while 14 of 16 children given active therapy with either IVIG or TMS became infection-free (p=0.002). No relation to IgG subclass level or between the two modalities of treatment was found. We concluded that most infection-prone children suffer from viral infections and are given antibiotics unnecessarily. Of the small group of children that have documented, repeated bacterial infections, prophylactic therapy with either IVIG or TMS can substantially diminish the number of infections.

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Menkes disease is a lethal-X linked recessive disorder associated with copper metabolism disturbance. We have recently mapped two chromosome breakpoints related to this disease in a 1 megabase yeast artificial chromosome contig at Xq13.3. We now report the construction of a phage contig and the isolation of candidate partial cDNAs for the Menkes disease gene. The candidate gene expresses an 8 kb message in all investigated tissues, and deletions were detected in 16% of 100 unrelated Menkes patients. The deduced partial protein sequence shared the GMTCXXC motif with bacterial metal resistance operons, suggesting a potential heavy metal binding protein. These findings should lead to more accurate prenatal diagnosis of this severe disease and a better understanding of the cellular homeostasis of essential heavy metals.

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Linkage analyses were performed in 11 families with X-linked Menkes disease. In each family more than one affected patient had been diagnosed. Forty informative meioses were tested using 11 polymorphic DNA markers. From two-point linkage analyses high lod scores are seen for DXS146 (pTAK-8; maximal lod score 3.16 at recombination fraction [theta] = .0), for DXS1 (p-8; maximal lod score 3.44 at theta = .0), for PGK1 (maximal lod score 2.48 at theta = .0), and for DXS3 (p19-2; maximal lod score 2.90 at theta = .0). This indicates linkage to the pericentromeric region. Multilocus linkage analyses of the same data revealed a peak for the location score between DXS146(pTAK-8) and DXYS1X(pDP34). The most likely location is between DXS159 (cpX289) and DXYS1X(pDP34). Odds for this location relative to the second-best-supported region, between DXS146(pTAK-8) and DXS159 (cpX289), are better than 74:1. Visualization of individual recombinant X chromosomes in two of the Menkes families showed the Menkes locus to be situated between DXS159(cpX289) and DXS94(pXG-12). Combination of the present results with the reported absence of Menkes symptoms in male patients with deletions in Xq21 leads to the conclusion that the Menkes locus is proximal to DXSY1X(pDP34) and located in the region Xq12 to Xq13.3.

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A new method of signal analysis for automated fluorescence-based DNA sequencing is presented. Signal resolution is a limiting factor in obtaining accurate sequence information beyond 400-450 nucleotides per gel lane. We have developed a computer program for the imaging of DNA bands in sequencing gels. The image analysis shows that distortions in the shapes of the bands decrease resolution of peaks observed served in the standard data plots. Reconstruction of the undistorted band shape prior to signal analysis substantially improves the resolution of peaks and may improve the accuracy and length of the contiguous sequence read. Image analysis identified other factors limiting the accuracy and length of automated DNA sequence analysis and provided a tool for evaluating various remedies. Our techniques should also be applicable in other systems, for example, in gel electrophoresis of proteins and DNA restriction fragments, and in scranning densitometry.

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Despite the major legislative and contractual gains made by women in the area of equality of opportunity, women continue to be employed in occupations and positions which are inferior to those of males. Their value is underestimated and indeed their contributions are often "invisible" in terms of social and monetary recognition. The author of this social essay describes several situations where the "invisibility" of women's work has lead to severe social stress. She provides concrete examples and suggestions for change and for making women's work socially "visible."

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The serotonin (S2) antagonist, ketanserin was given to 16 patients with essential hypertension on a single-blind basis. Ten patients were treated for 3 years with ketanserin 40-80 mg daily on a once or twice daily regimen. In this group supine blood pressure fell from 164 +/- 4/101 +/- 2 mmHg on placebo to 152 +/- 5/91 +/- 3 mmHg (NS/P less than 0.01) after 3 years of therapy. During treatment, total serum cholesterol remained essentially unchanged while serum triglycerides were significantly reduced. No side-effects were seen except for dry mouth or slight nasal congestion reported by two patients. In six patients regional haemodynamics were assessed by forearm plethysmography. After 3 months of ketanserin, resting vascular resistance was significantly reduced from 58.3 +/- 12 units on single-blind placebo to 47.0 +/- 12 units (P less than 0.005) on single-blind ketanserin, 40 mg twice daily. We conclude that ketanserin is an effective antihypertensive agent during long-term therapy with some beneficial effects on serum lipids. The antihypertensive effect seems to be mediated chiefly by a decrease in vascular resistance.

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