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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the number and circumstances of uterine ruptures in five years period from 2005 to 2009 in five regional departments of gynecology and obstetrics of Vysocina region. To describe the uterine ruptures in case reports and to compare them with literature datas. DESIGN: Retrospective, multicenter, descriptive study. SETTING: Jihlava, Havlíckuv Brod, Pelhrimov, Nové Mesto na Morave and Trebíc departments of gynecology and obstetrics. METHODS: Retrospective data collection, statistical evaluation, case description and the system leading to prevention of uterine ruptures. RESULTS: In the evaluated period from 2005 to 2009 there were 25,195 deliveries in the 5 above mentioned departments of gynecology and obstetrics of Vysocina region. There were 4440 (17.6%) C. sections performed, 20 postpartum hysterectomies and 6 uterine ruptures (1/4200 deliveries). One case of uterine rupture was letal. CONCLUSION: The above mentioned results prove that the frequency of uterine ruptures in the Vysocina region (1/4200) is lower than in US (1/1519). Early diagnosis of uterine rupture is very often difficult, that may lead to the delay of adequate treatment.

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BACKGROUND: 5-aminolevulinic acid induced fluorescence cystoscopy can detect more tumour lesions comparing to standard cystoscopy. The goal of our study was to assess the influence of fluorescence cystoscopy used during transurethral resection on the recurrence rate and the length of tumor-free interval in stage Ta, Tl transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. METHODS AND RESULTS: In prospective randomized study 109 patients with primary or recurrent stage Ta Tl bladder transitional cell carcinoma treated with transurethral resection were enrolled. 17 patients with high grade tumors were evaluated separately. In group A the transurethral resection was performed with standard white light endoscopy, in group B with fluorescence cystoscopy. The patients were followed using standard cystoscopy and urinary cytology. Recurrence free interval was evaluated in whole groups and also for single and multiple and for primary and recurrent tumors separately. The median time to recurrence was 8.05 months in group A and was significantly shorter than 13.54 months in group B (p = 0.04, log-rank test). In separate analyses the median time to recurrence was significantly shorter using fluorescence cystoscopy in multiple (p = 0.004) and in recurrent (p = 0.02) tumors, but not in solitary and primary tumors. CONCLUSIONS: 5-aminolevulinic acid induced fluorescence cystoscopy used during transurethral resection reduces the early recurrence rate in stage Ta Tl bladder transitional cell carcinoma.

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BACKGROUND: Fluorescence diagnosis has an increasing importance in different medical fields. In the presented paper, comparison of cystoscopy in white light with fluorescence cystoscopy after intravesical administration of 1 g of 5-aminolevulinic acid is presented. METHODS AND RESULTS: From the group of 63 persons examined, no difference between findings in white and blue light was found in 39 cases. In 21 patients more pathological spots were found in blue light (10 cases) or, in agreement with histology, pathology was detected in the blue light only (11 cases). CONCLUSIONS: The intravesical administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid had no side effects. Our study has definitely proved the advantages of fluorescence cystoscopy.

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BACKGROUND: The majority of the studies investigating risk factors for stroke have focused on the atherosclerosis of extracranial carotid arteries. Risk factors for the involvement of intracranial arteries in patients with stroke have not been widely investigated so far. The pulsatility index reflects the vascular resistance of intracranial arteries and could therefore be used as an estimate of the severity of vascular damage. MAIN PURPOSE: The present study aimed to examine the influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and some other atherosclerosis risk factors on intracranial vascular resistance in patients with a previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. METHODS: Transcranial doppler investigations were performed in 103 patients with previous stroke (31 with diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, 72 without diabetes), at least 3 months after stroke occurred. Blood flow velocities of anterior cerebral arteries, middle cerebral arteries, the intracranial part of vertebral arteries and the basilar artery, as well as of the extracranial part of the internal carotid artery were measured, and Gosling's pulsatility index was calculated. The maximal pulsatility index of intracranial arteries was defined to express the most pronounced damage. RESULTS: Diabetic patients had a significantly higher pulsatility index than non-diabetic patients in all examined intracranial arteries. The maximal pulsatility index was also significantly higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic patients (1.24 +/- 0.25 vs. 1.00 +/- 0.23; p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in the pulsatility index between men and women and between groups of patients with or without hypertension. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of diabetes (p < 0.0001) and the age of patients (p < 0.0001) were the only factors significantly predicting maximal pulsatility index, and this relationship was independent on the presence of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic patients with previous stroke have a higher pulsatility index than non-diabetic patients with previous strokes, which indicates a higher increase in intracranial arterial resistance and more severe damage to cerebral blood flow in diabetes mellitus.

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Pygeum africanum extract is available as Tadenan in many countries, including those in central and eastern Europe, for the treatment of mild to moderate BPH. Its efficacy and acceptability have been demonstrated in numerous open and placebo-controlled studies in large populations. The present open three-centre efficacy and safety study was conducted according to common protocol at urology clinics in the Czech and Slovak Republics and in Poland, in order to confirm the therapeutic profile of Pygeum africanum in conditions of daily practice, using International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and flowmetry assessments. Men aged 50-75 years and in compliance with the selection criteria (including IPSS > or = 12, quality of life (QoL) score > or = 3, and maximum urinary flow < or = 15 ml/s) were first examined then recalled after two weeks during which no treatment was provided (washout and check of stability). If still compliant, they were entered at this point into a two-month period of treatment with Pygeum africanum extract 50 mg twice daily. There followed a further one-month period without treatment, the objective being to evaluate the persistence of any effects observed during the previous two months of Pygeum africanum administration. The primary efficacy parameter investigated was IPSS; the other efficacy parameters were QoL, nocturnal frequency, maximum urinary flow, average urinary flow, post-voiding residual volume and prostatic volume, after one and two months of Pygeum africanum treatment and one month after stopping treatment. A total of 85 patients were evenly distributed between the three centres and completed the entire study. At inclusion their mean IPSS was 16.17, QoL was 3.60 and nocturia was 2.6 times per night. The changes in subjective scores, IPSS and QoL after the two-month treatment period were highly statistically significant with mean improvements of 40% and 31%, respectively. Nocturnal frequency was reduced by 32% and the mean reduction was again highly statistically significant. Mean maximum urinary flow, average urinary flow and urine volume were also statistically significantly improved, but the modest improvement in post-voiding volume did not reach statistical significance. The improvements, which exceeded those observed with placebo in earlier studies, were maintained after one month without treatment indicating an interesting persistence of clinically useful activity. Prostatic volume and quality of sexual life remained unchanged throughout. No treatment-related adverse effects were observed. In conclusion, under conditions of daily practice, Pygeum africanum extract induces significant improvement in IPSS and uroflowmetry parameters. These positive effects are accompanied by a very satisfactory safety profile with the overall result of a substantial improvement in QoL.

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We designed a prospective observational study to attempt to validate two recently described clinical decision rules for knee radiography. Consecutive patients aged > or = 15 yr with acute knee injuries occurring less than 1 wk prior to presentation were included for study. Patients with distracting conditions, open knee injuries, or previous surgery were excluded. Each patient was assessed for 7 historical and 15 physical examination criteria that were recorded on a standardized data collection instrument. Radiographs were ordered at the discretion of the attending physician and were read by two board-certified radiologists. When radiographs were not ordered, structured telephone follow-up was performed after 3 wk. The main outcome parameter was the presence or absence of a clinically significant fracture. There were 351 patients in the study; 26 (7%) had knee fractures. Fractures were significantly associated with an increased prevalence for two of the three criteria in the rule derived by Bauer: inability to weight bear immediately or in the emergency department (ED; 76.9% of patients with a fracture vs. 29.8% of patients without a fracture) and effusion (53.8% vs. 28.9%, respectively). Ecchymosis was not significantly associated with fracture (19.2% with fracture vs. 9% with no fracture). Use of the Bauer rule would have led to a radiographic evaluation of 22 of the 26 patients with knee fractures (sensitivity = 84.6%, specificity = 48.9%). Fractures were associated with a significantly increased prevalence for three of the five criteria in the decision rule proposed by Stiell: isolated patella tenderness (30.8% with fracture vs. 14.5% with no fracture), inability to flex the knee to 90 degrees (42.3% vs. 19.7%, respectively), and inability to weight bear immediately and in the ED (57.7% vs. 18.8%, respectively). Age > or = 55 yr (23.1% vs. 12.0%, respectively) and fibula head tenderness (11.5% vs. 5.5%, respectively) were not significantly associated with fracture. Use of the Stiell rule would have led to radiographic evaluation of 22 of the 26 patients with knee fractures (sensitivity = 84.6%, specificity = 49.8%). We conclude that neither clinical decision rule is 100% sensitive. Further refinement will be necessary to identify all patients with knee fractures.

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Epitestosterone, a C19-steroid with anti-androgenic activity, was determined in the plasma of 234 boys and men from the ages of 6-86 years, and in the prostate tissue of 15 men 55-82 years of age. It was documented that, while in adulthood the concentration of epitestosterone is about ten times lower than the concentration of testosterone, in the pre-pubertal period the level of epitestosterone is similar or even higher than that of testosterone. In the hyperplastic prostate tissue the content of epitestosterone is comparable to that of androstenedione, it is about twice as high as the content of testosterone and approximately half that of the content of dihydrotestosterone. At least in the case of pre-pubertal boys and in the prostatic tissue it is therefore possible to include epitestosterone into consideration as a regulatory factor for the androgen-dependent events.

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The changing etiology of ureteral lesions is associated with the expanding spectrum of ureteroscopic, gynaecological, coloproctological and vascular operations. During 1989-1995 the authors treated 60 women with a ureteral lesion, mostly in conjunction with gynaecological operations (37 patients). The assessment of the diagnosis was sometimes delayed. The most frequent initial treatment was the establishment of percutaneous puncture nephrostomy (in 47 instances before delayed reconstruction). The authors discuss the time interval between the development of the ureteral lesion and its reconstruction. The most frequent treatment was ureterorhaphy, ureterocystoneoanastomosis or Boari's flap.

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The authors discuss treatment of vesicovaginal fistulae (VVF) in 36 patients and in six patients urethrovaginal fistulae treated in 1989-1995. The most frequent cause of VVF were iatrogenic lesions after hysterectomy. Occlusion of the fistula was performed 12x by the transvesical approach, nine times by a combined transperitoneal and vaginal approach, four times by a transvesical and transperitoneal approach, eight times by the vaginal route only and three times the authors had to make a continent derivation of urine of the sigma-rectum "pouch" type. Continence by primary operation was achieved in 86%, in urethrovaginal fistulae one reoperation was necessary. With the development of radical operations in the lesser pelvis in women the incidence of iatrogenic lesions is rising slightly, however when the technique of minimal invasive reconstruction urology is used, the prognosis of occlusion of fistulae is favourable.

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Pregnancy after augmentation enterocystoplasty is an increasingly frequent phenomenon in women with congenital anomalies or a neurogenic urinary bladder. Possible complications during pregnancy and the period near delivery and their treatment is described by the authors, based on the case-history of a 22-year-old primipara after ileocoecal augmentation. The authors summarise the so far scarce data reported in the literature.

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Surgical repair of a damaged portion of the ureter cannot always be resolved by mere ureterolysis or resection of the ureter and its "end to end" anastomosis, but it is not always resolved by complete replacement of the ureter by an ileal loop. The presented case-record describes the partial replacement of the abdominal portion of the ureter (9 cm) by an excluded appendix in a 59-year-old patient with a solitary right kidney, suffering from morbus Ormond.

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Renal oncocytomas are infrequent solid tumours of the renal parenchyma. Usually they are diagnosed incidentally. As to treatment conservative surgery predominates. The authors submit their experience with the treatment of eight patients during the past two years where they performed five times transperitoneal nephrectomy and three times resection of the tumour.

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The concentrations of the antiandrogenic endogenous steroid epitestosterone (epiT) and of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione in the prostate were determined in tissue samples obtained from 21 patients who underwent suprapubic prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Fifteen patients received no hormonal treatment before surgery and the other 6 patients were pretreated for 8 weeks before surgery with an oral dose of 5 mg/day finasteride. The steroids were extracted and separated by high pressure liquid chromatography and determined by specific radioimmunoassays. The concentration of epiT (mean 58.4 +/- 40.4 S.D., range 14.0-144.0 fmol/mg protein) exceeded that of testosterone and was nearly as high as that of DHT. The prostatic tissue from the patients treated with finasteride for 8 weeks showed a significant decrease not only in DHT but also in androstenedione and epiT, whereas the concentration of testosterone increased significantly.

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Epitestosterone (epiT, 17 alpha-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one), an endogenous C19-steroid in humans, was considered for a long time as a physiologically inactive steroid. Recently, its antiandrogenic properties have been discovered. For the evaluation of its biological availability in the target organs the tissue concentration is of importance. EpiT, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and androstenedione concentrations in prostatic tissue were determined in 15 prostate samples obtained by suprapubic prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. The steroids were extracted and separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and determined by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods. The concentration of epiT (mean 58.4 +/- 40.4 SD, range 14.0-144.0 fmol/mg protein) exceeded that of testosterone and was approximately as high as that of dihydrotestosterone. EpiT level increased with age and the correlation was significant (P < 0.05). It did not correlate significantly with testosterone but did with androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone (P < 0.05, each). As expected, a positive correlation was found between testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels.

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The authors submit a case-history of a patient who developed renal failure as a result of acute rhabdomyolysis induced by severe hypokalaemia in Conn's syndrome. The authors describe the diagnosis of the disease, its course and discuss the relationship of hypokalaemia, rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure.

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Within an interdisciplinary study of diseases accompanying alcoholism skeletal changes were investigated in dependent alcoholics. We scanned 147 patients for osteoarthropathy, osteoporosis/osteomalacia and posttraumatic conditions. The monitored regions show trends confirming the results from the literature. If we consider, that according to our selection principle relatively early stages of alcoholism were analyzed. In the conclusions we are recommending to investigate alcohol-induced skeletal effects more closely and specifically, primarily with regard to osteoporosis/osteomalacia. Even if the effectiveness of the study may be lower, it should be extended to relapses and non-cooperative cases.

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