RESUMEN
Introdução: A presença de hipofosfatemia é fortemente relacionada à ocorrência de síndrome de realimentação em pacientes críticos, na qual um dos principais grupos de risco é a população idosa. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência de hipofosfatemia e o risco de síndrome de realimentação em idosos internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo observacional prospectivo, realizado numa unidade de terapia intensiva com pacientes idosos de ambos os sexos e em uso de terapia nutricional enteral. Foram coletados dados demográficos, clínicos e exames bioquímicos, e realizadas triagem e avaliação nutricional. As necessidades nutricionais foram calculadas e adotou-se o ponto de corte de 90% para estabelecer a adequação da oferta calórica. Para avaliar o risco e a ocorrência de síndrome de realimentação, foram utilizados os critérios propostos pelo grupo NICE. A análise estatística foi realizada com o auxílio do programa SPSS 13.0, com um intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados: Foram estudados 44 pacientes, dos quais 34,1% estavam em magreza; 86,4% dos pacientes iniciaram a terapia nutricional enteral em até 48 horas, com 43,2% de adequação calórica em até 72 horas. A hipofosfatemia foi encontrada em 9,1% dos pacientes na admissão e em 29,5% após o início da dieta. Com isso, 88,6% dos pacientes apresentaram algum risco para desenvolver síndrome de realimentação e 40,9% deles manifestaram a síndrome. Conclusão: Foi identificada elevada prevalência de hipofosfatemia após o início da terapia nutricional. Além disso, o risco de desenvolver síndrome de realimentação foi elevado e sua manifestação se assemelha aos dados encontrados na literatura. (AU)
Introduction: The presence of hypophosphatemia is strongly related to the occurrence of refeeding syndrome in critically ill patients, in which one of the main risk groups is the elderly population. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of hypophosphatemia and the risk of refeeding syndrome in elderly patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Methods: Prospective observational study carried out in an intensive care unit with elderly patients of both genders using enteral nutritional therapy. Demographic, clinical and biochemical data were collected, and nutritional screening and assessment were performed. The energy and nutrient requirements were calculated and a cutoff point of 90% was adopted to establish the adequacy of the caloric supply. To assess the risk and occurrence of refeeding syndrome, the criteria proposed by the NICE group were used. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 13.0 program, with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: 44 patients were studied, of which 34.1% were malnourished; 86.4% of patients started enteral nutritional therapy within 48 hours, with 43.2% of caloric adequacy within 72 hours. Hypophosphatemia was found in 9.1% of patients on admission and in 29.5% after starting the diet. Thus, 88.6% of patients had some risk of developing the refeeding syndrome and 40.9% of them manifested the syndrome. Conclusion: A high prevalence of hypophosphatemia was identified after starting nutritional therapy. In addition, the risk of developing refeeding syndrome was high and its manifestation is similar to data found in the literature. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Hipofosfatemia/epidemiología , Síndrome de Realimentación , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Evaluación Nutricional , Nutrición Enteral , Desnutrición , Terapia NutricionalRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the degree of variability of the waist circumference (WC) when obtained in different anatomical sites and compare the performance of the measurement sites as predictors of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and cardiometabolic abnormalities. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving 119 individuals with overweight (50.3 ± 12.2 years), in which six WC measurement sites were evaluated (minimal waist, immediately below the lowest rib, midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, 2 cm above the umbilicus, immediately above the iliac crest, umbilicus level), in addition to the VAT and SAT (quantified by computed tomography) and cardiometabolic parameters. RESULTS: The differences between the measurements ranged from 0.2 ± 2.7 cm to 6.9 ± 6.7 cm for men, and from 0.1 ± 3.7 cm to 10.1 ± 4.3 cm for women. The minimum waist showed significant correlation with VAT (r = 0.70) and with a higher number of cardiometabolic parameters among men. Regarding women, the WC measurement showed high correlation with SAT and moderate correlation with VAT, not being found superiority of one measurement protocol in relation to the others when assessed the correlation with VAT and with cardiometabolic parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Greater variability between the measuring sites was observed among women. With respect to men, the minimum waist performed better as a predictor of VAT and cardiometabolic alterations.
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Anomalías Cardiovasculares/sangre , Grasa Intraabdominal , Sobrepeso/diagnóstico , Grasa Subcutánea , Circunferencia de la Cintura , Adulto , Antropometría/métodos , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Anomalías Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Colesterol/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Hemoglobina Glucada/análisis , Humanos , Grasa Intraabdominal/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Medición de Riesgo/normas , Factores Sexuales , Grasa Subcutánea/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objectives: To estimate the degree of variability of the waist circumference (WC) when obtained in different anatomical sites and compare the performance of the measurement sites as predictors of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and cardiometabolic abnormalities. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional study involving 119 individuals with overweight (50.3 ± 12.2 years), in which six WC measurement sites were evaluated (minimal waist, immediately below the lowest rib, midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, 2 cm above the umbilicus, immediately above the iliac crest, umbilicus level), in addition to the VAT and SAT (quantified by computed tomography) and cardiometabolic parameters. Results: The differences between the measurements ranged from 0.2 ± 2.7 cm to 6.9 ± 6.7 cm for men, and from 0.1 ± 3.7 cm to 10.1 ± 4.3 cm for women. The minimum waist showed significant correlation with VAT (r = 0.70) and with a higher number of cardiometabolic parameters among men. Regarding women, the WC measurement showed high correlation with SAT and moderate correlation with VAT, not being found superiority of one measurement protocol in relation to the others when assessed the correlation with VAT and with cardiometabolic parameters. Conclusions: Greater variability between the measuring sites was observed among women. With respect to men, the minimum waist performed better as a predictor of VAT and cardiometabolic alterations.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anomalías Cardiovasculares/sangre , Grasa Intraabdominal/diagnóstico por imagen , Grasa Subcutánea/diagnóstico por imagen , Sobrepeso/diagnóstico , Circunferencia de la Cintura , Triglicéridos/sangre , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Hemoglobina Glucada/análisis , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Factores Sexuales , Antropometría/métodos , Colesterol/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Medición de Riesgo/normas , Anomalías Cardiovasculares/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Excessive adipose visceral tissue (AVT) represents an independent risk factor for cardiometabolic alterations. The search continues for a highly valid marker for estimating visceral adiposity that is a simple and low cost tool able to screen individuals who are highly at risk of being viscerally obese. The aim of this study was to develop a predictive model for estimating AVT volume using anthropometric parameters. OBJECTIVE: Excessive adipose visceral tissue (AVT) represents an independent risk factor for cardiometabolic alterations. The search continues for a highly valid marker for estimating visceral adiposity that is a simple and low cost tool able to screen individuals who are highly at risk of being viscerally obese. The aim of this study was to develop a predictive model for estimating AVT volume using anthropometric parameters. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving overweight individuals whose AVT was evaluated (using computed tomography-CT), along with the following anthropometric parameters: body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference (AC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHpR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), sagittal diameter (SD), conicity index (CI), neck circumference (NC), neck-to-thigh ratio (NTR), waist-to-thigh ratio (WTR), and body adiposity index (BAI). RESULTS: 109 individuals with an average age of 50.3±12.2 were evaluated. The predictive equation developed to estimate AVT in men was AVT = -1647.75 +2.43(AC) +594.74(WHpR) +883.40(CI) (R2 adjusted: 64.1%). For women, the model chosen was: AVT = -634.73 +1.49(Age) +8.34(SD) + 291.51(CI) + 6.92(NC) (R2 adjusted: 40.4%). The predictive ability of the equations developed in relation to AVT volume determined by CT was 66.9% and 46.2% for males and females, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A quick and precise AVT estimate, especially for men, can be obtained using only AC, WHpR, and CI for men, and age, SD, CI, and NC for women. These equations can be used as a clinical and epidemiological tool for overweight individuals.
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Antropometría/métodos , Grasa Intraabdominal/anatomía & histología , Modelos Anatómicos , Adiposidad , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Grasa Intraabdominal/diagnóstico por imagen , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cuello/anatomía & histología , Sobrepeso/complicaciones , Sobrepeso/patología , Factores de Riesgo , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Circunferencia de la Cintura , Relación Cintura-CaderaRESUMEN
FUNDAMENTO: O acúmulo de gordura visceral é considerado o principal fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas. OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de obesidade visceral e avaliar sua associação com fatores de risco cardiovasculares em mulheres jovens do Estado de Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado com dados da "III Pesquisa Estadual de Saúde e Nutrição", envolvendo mulheres entre 25 e 36 anos. Avaliaram-se as variáveis: Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), Circunferência da Cintura (CC), Razão Cintura-Estatura (RCE), Volume de Gordura Visceral (VGV) estimado por equação preditiva, Pressão Arterial Sistólica e Diastólica (PAS, PAD), Colesterol Total (CT), Triglicerídeo (TG), Glicemia de Jejum (GJ). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 517 mulheres, com mediana de idade de 29 anos (27-32) e prevalência de obesidade visceral de 30,6%. Valores de IMC, PAS, PAD e TG foram superiores no grupo com obesidade visceral: IMC = 28,0 kg/m² (25,0 - 21,4) vs 23,9 kg/m² (21,5 - 26,4); PAS = 120,0 mmHg (110,0 - 130,0) vs 112,0 mmHg (100,0 - 122,0); PAD = 74 mmHg (70 - 80) vs 70 mmHg (63 - 80); TG = 156,0 mg/dL (115,0 - 203,2) vs 131,0 mg/dL (104,0 - 161,0), respectivamente, p < 0,01. Idade, PAS, PAD, TG e CT apresentaram correlação positiva e significante com o VGV: r = 0,171; 0,224; 0,163; 0,278; 0,124; respectivamente, p < 0,005. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se uma elevada prevalência de obesidade visceral, estando estatisticamente correlacionada a fatores de risco cardiovasculares.
BACKGROUND: The accumulation of visceral fat is considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of visceral obesity and to assess its association with cardiovascular risk factors in young women from the state of Pernambuco. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out with data from the "III Health and Nutrition State Survey", involving women aged 25 to 36 years. The following variables were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), volume of visceral fat (VVF) estimated by a predictive equation, Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure (SBP, DBP), total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), fasting glucose (FG). RESULTS: A total of 517 women were evaluated, with a median age of 29 years (27-32) and prevalence of visceral obesity of 30.6%. BMI, SBP, DBP and TG were higher in the group with visceral obesity: BMI = 28.0 kg/m2 (25.0 to 21.4) vs. 23.9 kg/m2 (21.5 to 26.4) , SBP = 120.0 mmHg (110.0 to 130.0) vs. 112.0 mmHg (100.0 to 122.0), DBP = 74 mmHg (70-80) vs. 70 mmHg (63-80); TG = 156.0 mg / dL (115.0 to 203.2) vs. 131.0 mg / dL (104.0 to 161.0), respectively, p < 0.01. Age, SBP, DBP, TG and TC levels were significantly and positively correlated with the VVF: r = 0.171, 0.224, 0.163, 0.278, 0.124 respectively, p < 0.005. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of visceral obesity was observed, being statistically correlated with cardiovascular risk factors.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Adulto Joven , Obesidad Abdominal/epidemiología , Factores de Edad , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Obesidad Abdominal/complicaciones , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The accumulation of visceral fat is considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of visceral obesity and to assess its association with cardiovascular risk factors in young women from the state of Pernambuco. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out with data from the "III Health and Nutrition State Survey", involving women aged 25 to 36 years. The following variables were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), volume of visceral fat (VVF) estimated by a predictive equation, Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure (SBP, DBP), total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), fasting glucose (FG). RESULTS: A total of 517 women were evaluated, with a median age of 29 years (27-32) and prevalence of visceral obesity of 30.6%. BMI, SBP, DBP and TG were higher in the group with visceral obesity: BMI = 28.0 kg/m2 (25.0 to 21.4) vs. 23.9 kg/m2 (21.5 to 26.4) , SBP = 120.0 mmHg (110.0 to 130.0) vs. 112.0 mmHg (100.0 to 122.0), DBP = 74 mmHg (70-80) vs. 70 mmHg (63-80); TG = 156.0 mg / dL (115.0 to 203.2) vs. 131.0 mg / dL (104.0 to 161.0), respectively, p < 0.01. Age, SBP, DBP, TG and TC levels were significantly and positively correlated with the VVF: r = 0.171, 0.224, 0.163, 0.278, 0.124 respectively, p < 0.005. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of visceral obesity was observed, being statistically correlated with cardiovascular risk factors.
Asunto(s)
Obesidad Abdominal/epidemiología , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Brasil/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Obesidad Abdominal/complicaciones , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Os métodos atualmente disponíveis para avaliação da obesidade visceral apresentam limitações, tornando-os inviáveis para avaliação em grandes grupos de indivíduos. Esse estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver e validar equação preditiva para estimar a área de tecido adiposo visceral em mulheres jovens. Foram estudadas 64 mulheres entre 19 e 36 anos. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: volume de gordura visceral (VGV) (medido pela ultra-sonografia), Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), Circunferência da Cintura, Razão Cintura-Estatura (RCE), Razão Cintura-Quadril, Índice de Conicidade, Perfil Lipídico e Glicemia de Jejum (GJ). As mulheres foram divididas em dois grupos: desenvolvimento (n=48) e validação (n=16) da equação. Foram propostas e validadas três equações para estimativa do VGV: Equação 1: VGV=-31,888+(4,044xIMC); Equação 2: VGV=-51,891+(248,018xRCE); Equação 3: VGV= -130,941 +(198,673 * RCE) + (1,185xGJ), com poder preditivo de 34%, 24% e 45%, respectivamente. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os valores de VGV avaliados pela ultrassonografia e estimados pelas equações preditivas no grupo de validação. As equações propostas podem ser utilizadas para cálculo do VGV de mulheres jovens, quando os exames de imagem não estiverem disponíveis, sendo uma ferramenta valiosa para estudos epidemiológicos e serviços de saúde.
The currently available methods for evaluation of visceral obesity have limitations, making them impractical for evaluating large numbers of individuals. This study aimed to develop and validate prediction equations to estimate the area of visceral adipose tissue in young women. The sample included 64 women aged 19 to 36 years. The following variables were evaluated: visceral fat volume (VFV) measured by ultrasound; body mass index (BMI); waist circumference; waist-to-height ratio (WHtR); waist-to-hip ratio (WHR); conicity index; lipid profile; and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). The women were divided into two groups for development (n=48) and validation (n=16) of equations. Three equations were proposed and validated to estimate VFV: Equation 1: VFV = - 31.888 + (4.044 x BMI); Equation 2: VFV = - 51.891 + (248.018 * WHtR); and Equation 3: VFV = - 130.941 + (198.673 x WHtR) + (1.185 x FPG); with a predictive power of 34%, 24%, and 45% respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between VFV values assessed by ultrasound and estimated by the prediction equations in the validation group. The proposed equations can be used to calculate VFV in young women when imaging tests are not available, providing a valuable tool for epidemiological studies and health services.
RESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de complicações gastrointestinais e a adequação calórico-protéica de pacientes críticos em uso de terapia de nutrição enteral. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo realizado na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, onde foram coletados, mediante análise das fichas de acompanhamento nutricional, as complicações gastrointestinais mais freqüentes durante o período de internamento do paciente, bem como a necessidade e a oferta calórico-protéica. Considerou-se como ofertado, o volume e o tipo de fórmula efetivamente recebido pelo paciente no último dia de internamento hospitalar. Foi utilizado o programa SPSS, versão 13 para análise estatística. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta de 77 pacientes com idade 54,7 ± 18,1 anos e predominância do sexo feminino (54,5 por cento). A dieta ofertada foi adequada e todos os pacientes apresentaram algum tipo de complicação gastrointestinal, sendo o retorno gástrico o mais prevalente (39 por cento), seguido da constipação com 36,4 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da elevada prevalência de complicações gastrointestinais, não foi observada uma inadequação na oferta calórica-protéica. As condutas multidisciplinares frente à resolução dessas complicações necessitam ser padronizadas para que soluções precoces possam ser tomadas.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal complications and protein-calorie adequacy in critical patients using enteral nutrition therapy. METHODS: This was a retrospective study in the intensive care unit of the Hospital das Clinicas of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco involving analysis of nutritional records evaluating the most frequent gastrointestinal complications during the patients' hospitalization and protein-calorie supply requirements. It was considered offered, the volume and formula effectively received by the patient on the last hospitalization day. The SPSS version 13 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 77 patients aged in average 54.7 ± 18.1 years who were predominantly female (54.5 percent). The diet offered was appropriate and all patients had some type of gastrointestinal complications, being high gastric residuals the most prevalent (39 percent), followed by constipation (36.4 percent). CONCLUSION: Despite the high prevalence of gastrointestinal complications, no mismatches were observed in protein-calorie intake. Multidisciplinary approaches to these complications should be standardized in order to provide their early resolution.
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FUNDAMENTO: A doença valvar pode cursar com insuficiência cardíaca (IC), anemia e disfunção renal (DR), aumentando o risco nutricional e piorando o prognóstico dos pacientes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de anemia e DR em pacientes portadores de valvopatias com ou sem IC, bem como estabelecer correlação com o estado nutricional. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 104 pacientes internados na enfermaria de valvopatias do PROCAPE/UPE, no período de ago-out/2008. Os dados foram obtidos das fichas de acompanhamento nutricional e dos prontuários. As variáveis coletadas foram: sexo, idade, estado nutricional segundo o índice de massa corpórea (IMC), presença de IC, anemia, DR. Considerou-se como anemia valores de hemoglobina < 13 g/dl nos homens e < 12 g/dl nas mulheres. A DR foi estabelecida de acordo com a taxa de filtração glomerular (TGF), sendo calculada pela fórmula proposta por Cockcroft e Gault. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de anemia e DR em pacientes com IC foi de 71,1 por cento e de 68,8 por cento, e nos pacientes sem IC foi de 48,1 por cento e de 60,0 por cento, respectivamente, com diferença estatisticamente significativa para anemia (p = 0,022). Dos pacientes, 48,1 por cento estavam eutróficos, 26,9 por cento com excesso de peso e 25,0 por cento com algum grau de desnutrição. Os pacientes com IC apresentaram uma frequência maior de baixo peso (p = 0,020). O estado nutricional não apresentou associação com anemia (p = 0,117), mas apresentou associação com DR, sendo a função renal diminuída mais frequente nos pacientes com baixo peso (p = 0,000). CONCLUSÃO: Houve significância estatística quando comparamos as prevalências de desnutrição, anemia e DR entre pacientes com e sem IC.
BACKGROUND: Valvular disease can course with heart failure (HF), anemia and renal dysfunction (RD), increasing the nutritional risk and worsening patient prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of anemia and RD in patients with valvulopathy with or without HF, as well as establish a correlation with the nutritional status. METHODS: A total of 104 patients admitted at the Clinic of Valvulopathy of PROCAPE/UPE, during the period of Aug-Oct/2008. The data were obtained from the nutritional and medical follow-up files. The collected variables were: sex, age, nutritional status according to the body mass index (BMI), presence of HF, anemia and RD. Anemia was considered when hemoglobin values were < 13 g/dl in men and < 12 g/dl in women. RD was established according to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and it was calculated through the formula proposed by Cockcroft and Gault. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia and RD was 71.1 percent and 68.8 percent, and 48.1 percent and 60.0 percent, in patients with and without HF, respectively, with a statistically significant difference for anemia (p = 0.022). Of the patients, 48.1 percent were eutrophic, 26.9 percent had excess weight and 25.0 percent presented some degree of malnutrition. The patients with HF presented a higher frequency of low weight (p = 0.020). The nutritional status was not associated with anemia (p = 0.117), but it was associated with RD, with renal function being decreased more often in patients with low weight (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: When the prevalence of malnutrition, anemia and RD was compared between patients with and without HF, it showed statistical significance.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anemia/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/epidemiología , Enfermedades Renales/epidemiología , Desnutrición/epidemiología , Distribución por Edad , Anemia/etiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/fisiopatología , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/complicaciones , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Renales/etiología , Desnutrición/etiología , Estado Nutricional , Prevalencia , Pronóstico , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por SexoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Valvular disease can course with heart failure (HF), anemia and renal dysfunction (RD), increasing the nutritional risk and worsening patient prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of anemia and RD in patients with valvulopathy with or without HF, as well as establish a correlation with the nutritional status. METHODS: A total of 104 patients admitted at the Clinic of Valvulopathy of PROCAPE/UPE, during the period of Aug-Oct/2008. The data were obtained from the nutritional and medical follow-up files. The collected variables were: sex, age, nutritional status according to the body mass index (BMI), presence of HF, anemia and RD. Anemia was considered when hemoglobin values were < 13 g/dl in men and < 12 g/dl in women. RD was established according to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and it was calculated through the formula proposed by Cockcroft and Gault. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia and RD was 71.1% and 68.8%, and 48.1% and 60.0%, in patients with and without HF, respectively, with a statistically significant difference for anemia (p = 0.022). Of the patients, 48.1% were eutrophic, 26.9% had excess weight and 25.0% presented some degree of malnutrition. The patients with HF presented a higher frequency of low weight (p = 0.020). The nutritional status was not associated with anemia (p = 0.117), but it was associated with RD, with renal function being decreased more often in patients with low weight (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: When the prevalence of malnutrition, anemia and RD was compared between patients with and without HF, it showed statistical significance.
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Anemia/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/epidemiología , Enfermedades Renales/epidemiología , Desnutrición/epidemiología , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Anemia/etiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/fisiopatología , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/complicaciones , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/fisiopatología , Humanos , Enfermedades Renales/etiología , Masculino , Desnutrición/etiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estado Nutricional , Prevalencia , Pronóstico , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por SexoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal complications and protein-calorie adequacy in critical patients using enteral nutrition therapy. METHODS: This was a retrospective study in the intensive care unit of the Hospital das Clinicas of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco involving analysis of nutritional records evaluating the most frequent gastrointestinal complications during the patients' hospitalization and protein-calorie supply requirements. It was considered offered, the volume and formula effectively received by the patient on the last hospitalization day. The SPSS version 13 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 77 patients aged in average 54.7 ± 18.1 years who were predominantly female (54.5%). The diet offered was appropriate and all patients had some type of gastrointestinal complications, being high gastric residuals the most prevalent (39%), followed by constipation (36.4%). CONCLUSION: Despite the high prevalence of gastrointestinal complications, no mismatches were observed in protein-calorie intake. Multidisciplinary approaches to these complications should be standardized in order to provide their early resolution.
RESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Descrever a proporção de fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares, dando ênfase aos fatores nutricionais, em alunos da área de saúde de uma universidade pública do Recife. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 250 estudantes por um questionário que abordou aspectos biossociais, dados sobre estilo de vida, história familiar para doenças cardiovasculares, variáveis antropométricas e consumo alimentar, avaliado pelo Recordatório de 24horas. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada a seguinte freqüência para os fatores de risco analisados: tabagismo (2,8 por cento), sedentarismo (41,7 por cento), excesso de peso (35,5 por cento e 5,3 por cento nos sexos masculino e feminino, respectivamente p<0,01), história familiar de hipertensão (35,5 por cento), diabetes (11,3 por cento) e obesidade (20,2 por cento), morte antes dos 50 anos por doenças cardiovasculares nos familiares diretos (14,8 por cento). Com relação ao consumo alimentar, observou-se um elevado percentual de inadequação no consumo de energia e um baixo percentual de inadequação no consumo de proteínas e carboidratos. Quanto ao perfil lipídico da dieta, mais de 40,0 por cento dos estudantes apresentaram consumo de colesterol acima do recomendado e, em 17,9 por cento dos homens e 44,8 por cento das mulheres foi evidenciado um elevado consumo de gordura saturada (p<0,01). O consumo de ácido linoléico, ácido graxo monoinsaturado e poliinsaturado mostrou-se insuficiente em mais de 95,0 por cento dos indivíduos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: A alta proporção de fatores de risco cardiovasculares representa uma advertência, dada a juventude da população considerada, e mostra a necessidade de insistir em medidas educativas e de promoção de condutas preventivas.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the proportion of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, emphasizing nutritional factors, among health students from a public university in Recife, Brazil. METHODS: Two hundred and fifty students were assessed through a questionnaire that addressed biosocial aspects, lifestyle data, family history for cardiovascular diseases, anthropometric variables and food consumption determined by the 24-hour recall. RESULTS: The following rates were found for the assessed risk factors: smoking (2.8 percent), inactivity (41.7 percent), overweight (35.5 percent among men and 5.3 percent among women, p<0,01), family history of hypertension (35.5 percent), diabetes (11.3 percent), obesity (20.2 percent) and death of close relatives before age 50 due to cardiovascular diseases (14.8 percent). Regarding food consumption, a high percentage of individuals had inappropriate energy intake and a low percentage had inappropriate protein and carbohydrate intakes. Regarding the fat profile of the diet, more than 40.0 percent of the students consumed more cholesterol than the recommended levels and 17.9 percent of the men and 44.8 percent of the women consumed high amounts of saturated fat (p<0.01). The consumption of linoleic acid and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids was inadequate in more than 95 percent of the individuals under study. CONCLUSION: The high rates of risk factors are a warning sign, given the young age of the studied population, and show the need to insist on measures to prevent primary cardiovascular disease.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Ingestión de Alimentos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Estudiantes del Área de la Salud/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da correção da acidose metabólica no estado nutricional de pacientes em hemodiálise. Métodos: Foram estudados, durante seis meses, 20 pacientes com acidose metabólica, definida pela média de tr~es mensurações de bicarbonato sérico pré-diálise <22 mEq/L. os pacientes dialisavam há, pelo menos, seis meses, utilizando bicarbonato de 35 mEq/L no dialisato. A correção da acidose metabólica foi feita mediante elevação do bicarbonato no dialisato para valores que não ultrapassaram 40 mEq/L, objetivando um bicarbonato sérico entre 22-26 mEq/L. Foram avaliados no início e no final do estudo: avaliação antropométrica, dietética, bioquímica e Avaliação subjetiva Global (ASG). Resultados: A avaliação nutricional na fase inicial do estudo demonstrou índice de massa corporal normal (24,23 +- 3,83 Kg/m²). A circunferência muscular do braço, a prega cutânea tricipital e a ASG classificaram homens e mulheres como desnutridos. Os consumos de calorias e proteínas foram 29,7 +- 10,1 Kcal?kg/dia e 1,31 +- 0,35 g/Kg/dia, respectivamente. A avaliação bioquímica observou albumina sérica normal e colesterol reduzido. Após correção, bicarbonato sérico e pH aumentaram de 18,2 +- 1,64 para 22 +- 1,70 (p<0,001), e de 7,32+- 0,45 para 7,37 +-0,41 (p<0,001), respectivamente. Houve melhora da ASG (21,7 +- 6,4 versus 16,8 +-6,6, p<0,0001) e aumento na ingestão calórica (1.892,61 +-454,30 versus 2.110,30 +-869,24, p<0,05). Conclusão: A suplementação de bicarbonato na solução de hemodiálise foi método efetivo para a correção da acidose metabólica, determinando aumento da ingestão calórica e melhora nos escores da ASG.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of correction of metabolic acidosis on nutritional status of hemodialysis patients. Methods: We studied for six months, 20 patients with metabolic acidosis, defined as the average of tr ~ s measurements of predialysis serum bicarbonate <22 mEq / L. patients receiving dialysis treatment for at least six months, using bicarbonate of 35 mEq / L in the dialysate. The correction of metabolic acidosis was observed in the high bicarbonate dialysate for values that exceeded 40 mEq / L, aiming for a serum bicarbonate between 22-26 mEq / L. Were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study: anthropometric, dietary, biochemical and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). Results: The nutritional assessment in the initial phase of the study showed normal BMI (24.23 + - 3.83 kg / m²). The arm muscle circumference, triceps skinfold and the ASG men and women classified as malnourished. The intake of calories and protein were 29.7 + - 10.1 Kcal? Kg / day and 1.31 + - 0.35 g / kg / day, respectively. The biochemical evaluation showed normal serum albumin and low cholesterol. After correction, serum bicarbonate and pH increased from 18.2 + - 1.64 for 22 + - 1.70 (p <0.001), and 7.32 + - 0.45 to 7.37 + -0.41 ( p <0.001), respectively. There was improvement in ASG (21.7 + - 6.4 versus 16.8 + -6.6, p <0.0001) and increased caloric intake (1892.61 + -454.30 vs 2110.30 + -869 , 24, p <0.05). Conclusion: Supplementation of bicarbonate in the dialysis solution was an effective method for correction of metabolic acidosis, determining increased caloric intake and improvement in the scores of the ASG.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Acidosis/metabolismo , Diálisis Renal , Soluciones para Hemodiálisis/administración & dosificación , Soluciones para Hemodiálisis/metabolismo , Soluciones para Hemodiálisis/uso terapéutico , Estado NutricionalRESUMEN
A Insuficiência Renal Crônica (IRC) constitui sério problema de saúde em todo o mundo, com incidência crescente e elevada morbimortalidade, sendo que a desnutrição protéico-energética (DPE) é um importante fator que contribui para o agravamento desse quadro nosológico. Existem muitas causas que predispõem os pacientes renais crônicos à desnutrição, recentemente o papel da acidose metabólica tem sido bem-enfatizado. Desse modo, o objetivo desta revisão foi descrever os mecanismos pelos quais a acidose metabólica contribui para o catabolismo protéico nos pacientes IRC, bem como avaliar os efeitos da utilização de bicarbonato de sódio na correção da acidose e consequentemente, na redução da prevalência de desnutrição. Relatos da literatura mostram que a acidemia persistente aumenta a degradação protéica e a oxidação de aminoácidos, resultando em balanço nitrogenado negativo. Além disto, a acidose metabólica pode ocasionar resistência á insulina, supressão do hormônio do crescimento e da vitamina D, elevação do nível circulante de glicocorticóides e reduzida sensibilidade do paratormônio ao cálcio. Por outro lado, há uma escassez de estudos no que se refere aos efeitos nutricionais da correção da acidose metabólica. No entanto, as evidências encontradas demonstram que a monitoração do bicarbonato sérico e a manutenção dos seus níveis em valores superiores a 22 mmol/L (correção da acidose metabólica) deveriam ser o objetivo na conduta de pacientes renais crônicos, na tentativa de minimizar os efeitos deletéricos sobre o estado nutricional.
The Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is a serious health problem worldwide, with increasing incidence and high mortality, and the protein-energy malnutrition (EPD) is an important contributing factor to the aggravation of this nosological. There are many causes that predispose CRF patients with malnutrition, recently the role of metabolic acidosis has been well-emphasized. Thus, the purpose of this review was to describe the mechanisms by which acidosis contributes to the protein catabolism in patients IRC, as well as evaluating the effects of using sodium bicarbonate in correcting acidosis and consequently in reducing the prevalence of malnutrition. Medical reports show that the persistent acidemia increases protein degradation and amino acid oxidation, resulting in negative nitrogen balance. Moreover, metabolic acidosis can lead to insulin resistance, suppression of growth hormone and vitamin D, elevated circulating level of glucocorticoids and reduced sensitivity of parathyroid calcium. On the other hand, there is a paucity of studies regarding the effects of nutritional correction of metabolic acidosis. However, the evidence found shows that monitoring of serum bicarbonate levels and maintenance of its values in excess of 22 mmol/L (correction of metabolic acidosis) should be the goal in treating patients with chronic renal failure in an attempt to minimize the deleterious effects on nutritional status.
La insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) es un grave problema de salud en todo el mundo, con una incidencia y elevada mortalidad y la malnutrición proteico-energética (EPD) es un factor importante que contribuye a la agravación de esta nosológica. Hay muchas causas que predisponen a los pacientes con IRC con la desnutrición, recientemente el papel de la acidosis metabólica ha sido así-subrayó. Así, el objetivo de esta revisión fue describir los mecanismos por los que la acidosis contribuye al catabolismo proteico en los pacientes con IRC, así como la evaluación de los efectos de sodio con bicarbonato en corregir la acidosis y en consecuencia en la reducción de la prevalencia de la desnutrición. Los informes médicos muestran que la acidemia persistente aumento de la degradación de proteínas y la oxidación de aminoácidos, lo que resulta en balance negativo de nitrógeno. Por otra parte, la acidosis metabólica puede llevar a la resistencia a la insulina, la supresión de la hormona del crecimiento y la vitamina D, elevado nivel de circulación de los glucocorticoides y sensibilidad reducida de calcio paratiroides. Por otro lado, hay una escasez de estudios sobre los efectos de la corrección de la acidosis metabólica nutricional. Sin embargo, la evidencia encontrada muestra que la vigilancia de los niveles séricos de bicarbonato y el mantenimiento de sus valores por encima de 22 mmol/L (corrección de la acidosis metabólica) debería ser el objetivo en el tratamiento de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en un intento de minimizar los efectos nocivos sobre el estado nutricional.
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Humanos , Acidosis Tubular Renal/metabolismo , Acidosis Tubular Renal/patología , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/dietoterapia , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/etiología , Fallo Renal Crónico/dietoterapia , Fallo Renal Crónico/metabolismoRESUMEN
Despite the clinical-epidemiological features of plague, numerous suspected cases in Brazilian outbreaks have been discarded because of negative results from the hemagglutination test for antibodies against the Yersinia pestis F1 antigen. The transcendence of plague justifies studying whether such results are due to unresponsiveness to F1, and whether other Y. pestis proteins might be recognized in suspect serum. These would therefore be candidates to be alternative diagnostic targets to the F1 antigen. Thus, strains of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis, a recombinant YopH protein and the F1 antigen were used to analyze serum from patients and immune serum from rabbits. F1 and YopH were not recognized by HA-negative human serum and no major protein common to all the human and rabbit serum samples was identified. This allows the conclusion that suspected cases must be subjected to more rigorous clinical-laboratory evaluation, with strengthening of epidemiological investigations in the search of other etiologies.
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Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa , Proteínas Bacterianas , Peste/diagnóstico , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatasas , Yersinia pestis/inmunología , Animales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Pruebas de Hemaglutinación , Humanos , Conejos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
Apesar de sua fundamentação clínico-epidemiológica, numerosos casos suspeitos de peste nos focos brasileiros têm sido descartados por serem negativos pelo teste de hemaglutinação para detecção de anticorpos contra o antígeno F1 da Yersinia pestis. A transcendência da peste justifica estudar se tais resultados decorrem da falta de resposta ao F1, e se outras proteínas da Yersinia pestis poderiam ser reconhecidas nos soros suspeitos, sendo desta forma candidatas como alvo diagnóstico alternativo ao F1. Assim sendo, cepas de Yersinia pestis e de Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, uma proteína YopH recombinante e a F1 foram utilizadas para analisar soros de pacientes e soros imunes de coelhos. A F1 e a YopH não foram reconhecidas pelos soros humanos HA- e nenhuma proteína majoritária, comum a todos os soros humanos e coelhos, foi identificada, o que permite concluir que os casos suspeitos devem ser submetidos a uma avaliação clínico-laboratorial mais rigorosa, aprofundando a investigação epidemiológica em busca de outras etiologias.
Despite the clinical-epidemiological features of plague, numerous suspected cases in Brazilian outbreaks have been discarded because of negative results from the hemagglutination test for antibodies against the Yersinia pestis F1 antigen. The transcendence of plague justifies studying whether such results are due to unresponsiveness to F1, and whether other Y. pestis proteins might be recognized in suspect serum. These would therefore be candidates to be alternative diagnostic targets to the F1 antigen. Thus, strains of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis, a recombinant YopH protein and the F1 antigen were used to analyze serum from patients and immune serum from rabbits. F1 and YopH were not recognized by HA-negative human serum and no major protein common to all the human and rabbit serum samples was identified. This allows the conclusion that suspected cases must be subjected to more rigorous clinical-laboratory evaluation, with strengthening of epidemiological investigations in the search of other etiologies.