Asunto(s)
Lagartos/clasificación , Animales , Bases de Datos de Ácidos Nucleicos , Lagartos/genética , MéxicoRESUMEN
We revise the species of anoles occurring along the Pacific versant of Mexico west of the Isthmus de Tehuantepec in the states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla. Based on our analyses of morphological and molecular genetic data, we recognize 21 species, six of which we describe as new (i.e., Anolis carlliebi sp. nov., A. immaculogularis sp. nov., A. nietoi sp. nov., A. sacamecatensis sp. nov., A. stevepoei sp. nov., and A. zapotecorum sp. nov.). Furthermore, we synonymize Anolis forbesi Smith & Van Gelder 1955 with Anolis microlepidotus Davis 1954. Of the recognized species, six have smooth ventral scales (i.e., Anolis dunni, A. gadovii, A. liogaster, A. omiltemanus, A. peucephilus, and A. taylori) and 14 have keeled ventral scales (i.e., A. boulengerianus, A. carlliebi, A. immaculogularis, A. megapholidotus, A. microlepidotus, A. nebuloides, A. nebulosus, A. nietoi, A. quercorum, A. sacamecatensis, A. stevepoei, A. subocularis, A. unilobatus, and A. zapotecorum). In one species, A. macrinii, the ventral scales vary from smooth to weakly keeled. For each species we provide color descriptions in life, color photographs in life, descriptions and illustration of hemipenis morphology (if available), description of external morphology, distribution maps based on the specimensexamined, comments on the conservation status, and natural history notes. Finally, we provide a dichotomous key for the identification of the 21 species of anoles occurring along the Pacific versant of Mexico west of the Isthmus de Tehuantepec in the states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla.
Asunto(s)
Lagartos/clasificación , Distribución Animal , Estructuras Animales/anatomía & histología , Estructuras Animales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Tamaño Corporal , Ecosistema , Femenino , Lagartos/anatomía & histología , Lagartos/genética , Lagartos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Masculino , México , Tamaño de los Órganos , FilogeniaRESUMEN
We describe the new species Anolis peucephilus sp. nov. from the Pacific versant of southern Mexico. Anolis peucephilus differs from all congeners by having a combination of (1) smooth ventral scales; (2) usually a patch of three greatly enlarged supraocular scales; (3) extremely short hind legs, longest toe of adpressed hind leg reaching to a point between levels of axilla and ear opening, ratio shank length/snout-vent length 0.18-0.21; (4) circumnasal usually in contact with first supralabial; and (5) a large yellowish orange dewlap in males and a very small to small white dewlap in females. In external morphology, A. peucephilus is most similar to A. omiltemanus from which it differs by having even shorter hind legs with the longest toe of adpressed hind leg reaching to a point between levels of axilla and ear opening (versus usually to ear opening, occasionally to slightly beyond ear opening or to a point between shoulder and ear opening in A. omiltemanus), a slightly larger dewlap in females, to 64 mm2 (versus to 41 mm2 in A. omiltemanus), the circumnasal usually in contact with the first supralabial (versus those scales separated by the presence of a subnasal in A. omiltemanus), and 4-6 internasal scales in the new species (versus usually 6-7 in A. omiltemanus). Furthermore, A. peucephilus differs from A. omiltemanus in hemipenial morphology (no finger-like processus on asulcate side in A. peucephilus versus such a processus present in A. omiltemanus). Also, in a preliminary molecular genetic analysis of the mitochondrial CO1 gene fragment, A. peucephilus has a genetic distance of 11.5% from A. omiltemanus. Anolis peucephilus was collected at night while the lizards were sleeping in pine trees, 2-10 m above the ground.
Asunto(s)
Lagartos/anatomía & histología , Lagartos/clasificación , Animales , Ecosistema , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/metabolismo , Femenino , Lagartos/genética , Lagartos/fisiología , Masculino , México , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with an early initiation of enteral feedings after necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). STUDY DESIGN: Over a 4-year period, all inborn infants with NEC Bell stage II or greater received enteral feedings, increased by 20 mL/kg/d, once no portal vein gas had been detected on ultrasound for 3 consecutive days (group 1). Infants were compared with a historic comparison group (group 2). RESULTS: Necrotizing enterocolitis rates were 5% (26/523) in the early feeding group and 4% (18/436) in the comparison group. One early feeding infant and two comparison group infants died of NEC, whereas two and one, respectively, had recurrent NEC. Enteral feedings were restarted at a median of 4 days (range, 3-14) versus 10 days (range, 8-22) after onset of NEC. Early feeding was associated with shorter time to reach full enteral feedings (10 days [range, 7-31] vs 19 days [range, 9-76], P<.001), a reduced duration of central venous access (13.5 days [range, 8-24] vs 26.0 days [range, 8-39], P<.01), less catheter-related septicemia (18% vs 29%, P<.01), and a shorter duration of hospital stay (63 days [range, 28-133] vs 69 days [range, 36-150], P<.05). CONCLUSION: Early enteral feeding after NEC was associated with significant benefits and no apparent adverse effects. This study was underpowered, however, to exclude a higher NEC recurrence risk potentially associated with this change in practice.